exam 4: chapter 13 spinal cord and nerves

__ is a collection of somas together in one place

ganglia

__ are bundles of axons

nerves

ganglia and nerves are only in the __

PNS

a __ is a collection on somas with a common function

center

a ___ is a center with a visible boundary

nucleus

the __ __ is grey matter that covers the brain

neural cortex

__ are bundles of axons with common origins, destinations and functions

tracts

__ are large tracts in the spinal cord

columns

__ are centers and tracts that link the brain with the body

pathways

the spinal cord is inside the __ __

vertebral canal

the spinal cord is surrounded by CT called spinal ___

meninges

spinal roots exit the vertebral canal through the ___ ___

intervertebral foramen

dorsal and central roots combine to form the __ __

spinal nerve

there are __ pairs of spinal nerves

31

how many cervical nerves?

8

how many thoracic nerves ?

12

how many lumbar nerves?

5

how many sacral nerves?

5

how many coccyx nerves?

1

the stretched spina roofed after L2 are called __ __

spina equina

a lumbar puncture at L3 and 4 is called a __ __

spinal tap

the intervertebral foramen is maintained by ___ __ between vertebrae

intervertebral discs

a __ __ occurs when the nucleus pulposus ruptures through the anulus fibrosis and compresses nerves

herniated disc

a __ __ occurs when the intervertebral disc is distorted or displaced causing pressure

slipped disc

cervical and lumbar enlargements of cord house cell bodies of __ __ for muscles of appendages

motor neurons

a __ is a region of skin surface that is innervated by one pair of spinal nerves

dermatome

axons from multiple nerves intermingle in a __ __

nerve plexus

__ is a loss of motor function

paralysis

__ is sensory dysfunction (loss of both motor and sensory below injury)

paresthesia

__ is a sever between T1 and L4 that causes loss of lower limb function

paraplegia

__ is when a sever in the cervical region results in loss of all limb function

quadriplegia

there are 10 million __ neurons

sensory

there are 500 thousand __ neurons

motor

there are 20 billion __

interneurons

interneurons are organized into __ __

neuronal pools

sensory groups have limited __ sources

input

motor groups have limited __ locations

output

spread of info is organized into __ __

neural circuits

__ = one neuron that pools to many

divergence

__ __ = divergence and serial processing (multiple at once)

parallel processing

__ __ = one neuron to next (linear transmission)

serial processing

__ = many neurons that pool to one

convergence

__ = positive feedback loop (continues signal until inhibited by another neuron)

reverberation

__ reflex = sensory perception in, motor response out

simple

__ __ = single reflex, negative feedback ( opposes stimulus as form of defense, fast)

reflex arc

a __ reflex is a monosynaptic stretch carried on A fibers. (sudden stretch of ligament activates muscle spindles and signals quadriceps group to contract)

patellar

a __ __ is a specialized muscle fiber

muscle spindle

__ __ prevent overstretching of muscles and tendons and maintain upright position

muscle spindles

a __ reflex is a flex to withdraw

flexor

__ __ inhibits extensors

reciprocal inhibition

__ __ reflex maintains balance

crossed extensor

__ __ is the outermost dense collagen fibers that attach to the periosteum of the occipital bone and coccyx by the coccygeal ligament

dura matter

dura matter is surrounded by the __ __

epidural space

the __ __ is simple squamous epithelium that touches dura matter

arachnoid membrane

the __ __ is collagen and elastin fibers that bind to pia matter and pass through the subarachnoid space

arachnoid trabeculae

__ __ is the innermost fine mesh of collagen and elastin fibers bound to neural tissue

pia matter

pia matter has __ __ that extend through arachnoid to dura matter to prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord

denticulate ligaments

the __ is the outermost layer of a nerve with dense collagen fibers

epineurium

the __ is the partitions that extend inward from the epineurium in a nerve and divide axons into fascicles

perineurium

the __ is the inner most layer of a nerve and has thin collagen fibers that surround each axon

endoneurium

the __ __ is an interwoven network of nerves

nerve plexus

the __ plexus is nerves C1-5

cervical

the __ plexus is nerves C5-T1

brachial

the __ plexus is nerves T12-L4

lumbar

the __ plexus is nerves L4-S4

sacral

__ are specialized cells or dendrites of sensory neurons

receptors

stimulation causes an __ __ on axon of sensory neuron

action potential

nerve impulses travel into spinal cord via __ __

dorsal root

__ __ = sensory neuron synapses on motor neuron

simple case

__ __ = sensory neuron synapses on an interneuron

complex case

sensory neurons cause _ which is interpreted with other stimuli

EPSP

what liquid fills the subarachnoid space?

cerebrospinal fluid

the somatic motor nuclei of the spinal cord are located in the __ __ __

anterior gray horns

how many columns in the spinal cord

6

What kind of information passes through the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal root?

sensory

Why is there a thicker area of the spinal cord in the cervical region and lumbar region?

house motor neurons for arms and legs

Nerves from the sacral plexus innervate the ___

lower limbs

disruption of sensory function is called ___

parasthesia

__ is the neural circuit where one neuron synapses on multiple neurons.

divergence

A genetically determined reflex is called a ___ reflex.

innate

what are the effectors of autonomic/ visceral reflexes

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A(n) __ reflex arc is one that involves one or more interneurons.

polysnaptic