World History - The Muslim World Review

Monotheistic Religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Polytheistic Religion

Hinduism

Judaism

-where they worship?

-name of holy book?

-day or worship?

-Important leader associated with belief?

-Synagogue/ Temple

-Torah

-Saturday

-Yahweh

Christianity

-where they worship?

-name of holy book?

-day or worship?

-Important leader associated with belief?

-Chapel/Church

-Bible

-Sunday

-Abraham or Moses

Islam (Muslims)

-where they worship?

-name of holy book?

-day or worship?

-Important leader associated with belief?

- Mosque

-Quran

-Friday

-Muhammad or Allah

Climate and Geography of Arabia

-Mostly dessert with some fertile land

-no bodies of water (isolated from seas)

-dry and impoverished

-Center of caravan trade routes

-Crossroads of three continents

Who thrived in the desserts of Arabia?

Bedouins thrive in dessert clans ruled by Sheikhs

How were these people able to survive in the dessert?

They became skilled at moving around in the dessert to hunt animals and trade things

Who are Pastoralist?

People that rely on hunting animals to survive and living off domesticated animals as well.

What city was the pilgrimage center in the Arabia Penisula?

Mecca

What type of religion did Mecca believe in originally?

polytheistic religion originally

Kaaba

box built over where meteor struck earth in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Who was Muhammad?

-LAST PROHET IN THE LINE OF DESCENDENTS

-Around 600s, became Prophet of Islam when he was 40, had religious vision from Allah sent by Gabriel the angel to warn Arabs about their lack of morality, dol worship, and focus on worldly issues

-622, he fled from Mecca to Medina and gained many followers

-performed the teachings of god in a new religion called Islam

-Died in 632 due to brief conflict

What did Muhammad do in Mecca?

Defeated Meccan leaders in battle and dedicated the Kaaba to allah (god) which became the holiest islamic site

What did Allah intend for Islam to be?

Was not supposed to be a new religion, it was supposed to be a restoration and completion of an ancient one.

Where were Muhammad's teachings written?

In the Holy Book called the Quran

Quran's main teachings

Honesty, generosity, and social justice

Hijra

622 journey Muhammad made from Mecca to Medina with his followers.

Umma

community of islamic believers

Religion Prophetic Succession

God the creator Allah, Yahweh, etc. → Adam and Eve→ Abraham→ Wife Sarah and Wife- Hagar

-Wife Sarah - Son Issac -Hebrew people -Judaism and christianity

-Wife Hagar -Son Ismael - Arab people - Islam

Constitution of Medina

622 that gave islam political and religious entity

Muhammad was...

a political, military, and religious leader

What happened after Muhammad defeated Mecca?

He conquered Mecca and declared Kaaba sacred shrine of Islam and unified the arabian peninsula under islam

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Hajj

2. Salat

3. Zakat

4. Sawm

5. Shahada

1. Hajj

Visit Mecca at least once in your life and walk around Kaaba 7 times

2. Salat

Prayer 5 times a day

3. Zakat

Their god requires them to give charity to the poor and aged

4. Sawm

Fasting during the month of Ramadan

5. Shahada

declaration of faith to their religion

Caliph

leader of islamic empire

caliphate

empire that the caliphs ruled over

Who were the first four "Right Guided Caliphs" after Muhammad? For how long did they rule?

1. Abu Bakr (632-634)

2. Umar (634-644)

3. Uthman (644-656)

4. Ali (656-661)

Where did Muslims expand their faith during this time?

Spread the rest of their faith to Arabian Peninsula as well as Egypt, Persia, North Africa, and by 750, into Spain and the Indus region

ABOUT 6,000 MILES TOTAL

Why factors played into the success of expanding islam religion?

-Strong military leaders

-unifying source

-offered simple and appealing lifestyle to worship

-Relief from foreign oppression like Byzantines

-Foreign minority groups welcomed Muslim invaders

-Little bloodshed

-Trade and prosperity

- A adjustment of of unequal taxation : equality

-The appointment of capable governors: social justice

-NO FORCED CONVERSION S

What did the muslims do when it came to converting people?

Muslims were tolerant, Jews and christians could either convert or pay a tax to acknowledge muslims rule

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars

Jizya

Tax on non-Muslims in Islamic states to acknowledge muslim rule

Imam

A muslim religious leader

In early Islamic empires, who established the theological doctrine of islam>

Ulama and Imams

Sharia Law

Religious legal system to maintain public affairs and social order, provided unity, structure and stability.

CAN CHANGE AND IS PRACTICE IS VARIOUS WAYS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

When did the Islam Split? What did it split into and why?

Islam split into Sunni and Shia (Shiites) in 661 because they had different beliefs about who should succeed Muhammad.

What do the Shiites believe? Who was their first leader?

Believe that the caliph should be member of Muhammad's family. The fourth caliph Ali was their leader because he was Muhammad's son--in-law

-100% minority that caliph should always be related to Muhammad

Who did Ali challenge and kill?

Mu'awaiya Umayyad of Syria

What did the Sunni Muslims believe? Who was their first leader?

Believed and muslim man could become religious leader

-90% majority believed should be related to Muhammad

-First leader Mu'awaiya Umayyad of Syria

Mu'awaiya Umayyad of Syria

-5th caliph and was the first caliph chosen by the people

-Supported by Sunni Muslims

-Started Umayyad of Syria

Where did they emphasize Imams?

In Yemen, believed they should determine religious law.

Umayyad Empire

-661-750

-largest, unified, wealthy, first Islamic Dynasty

-Mu'awiyah made caliph hereditary to his family establishing dynasty

-Moved caliphate from Medina to Damascus

-Major cities were Baghdad and Córdoba

-Had a thriving coinage system

-Unsuccessfully attacked Byzantines in Constantinople and advanced into Spain but stopped after the Battle of Tours in 732

Who was most significant person in Umayyad empire? What did he do?

Abd Al Malik (Son of Yazid)

-established coining currency and scaling/weight system for trade

-Made Arabic common language of the empire

-expanded religion through many mosques

Important mosque in Umayyad empire

Where was it built?

Dome of the Rock

built in Jerusalem

What happened in 750 to the Umayyad Empire?

Abbsids challenged Umayyad rule, killed them, and took power

Abbasid Dynasty? what religion did they follow?

750-1258 (Modern Day Iraq and SUNNI)

-Longest lasting dynasty and cultural height of islamic civilization

-GOLDEN AGE

-Moved caliphate to Baghdad to be close to Tigris River traffic and caravan (traveling) routes , more Persian

-Fully developed government departments, banks, diplomats sent to Europe

-Traded gold, spices, stones, sandalwood, etc.

-Height of islamic classic culture

Umayyads ruled out of...

Damascus (Modern day capital of Syria)

Abbasids ruled out of...

Baghdad (modern day Iraq)

Abbasid and Umayyad Inventions

-Made hospitals

-Expanded use of paper

-Went deep into anatomy, fascinated by the eye

-Math like Trig and Algebra

-Germ Theory

Golden Age of Islam

When Abbasids ruled and created a lot of new inventions and made many discoveries

What causes the Abbasid Dynasty to decline?

Sunni vs. Shiites

What did the decline of the Abbasid Dynasty lead to?

North Africa, Spain, and Iran secede and establish their own dynasties which reduced power of caliphs

Amirs

islamic military commanders

What happens after Abbasid Dynasty falls?

No longer one large unified Muslim empire - Abbasid caliph was killed by mongols.

-Starts Regionalism of Islam from west to east

Regionalism

lots of smaller empires in different regions

-revival of Umayyad empire 756-1031

-Cordoba caliphate spread Sunni to Spain, North Africa

-75% of Spain's population was Muslim peaceful, prosperous, and elegant

Who was Abdelramen

Established himself as the caliph or cordoba

-cuts off ties with the abbasids bc he believes he is the rightful caliph

Spanish Reconquista

- 1000 : belief that only one religion is true

-Christians wanted to unify, so pushed Muslim and Jews 1000-1492

-1492: Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella (annexed land)

-150,000 Muslims and Jew emigrated, Spanish crown forbid Muslim and Jew worship

-Spain changed to string RCC country

Fatimids? What type of Islam religion did they follow?

969-1171

-Shiites focused on Tunisia, Morocco, Sicily. mainly Egypt

-Broke from Abbasids because Shiite

-Caliphate in Cairo

-Islam spread to west africa through trade (Mali, Chana, Songhai)

-Controlling west and North African Mediterranean Sea trade

Mediterranean Sea Trade =

WEALTH

Fatimids ruled out of..

Egypt (Modern day Cairo)

Seljuks (Turks) What type of religion did they follow?

950-1092

-Sunni

- First major Turkish dynasty in Islam

-MAINLY IRAQ, invaded turkey , kicked out Byzantines, transformed Christian culture/ institutions, welcomed conversions

-Complete religious conversion of (turkey) now muslim and FOUGHT IN CRUSADES

Mongol Age

1255

Mongols attacked what was left of Abbasid empire (sacked Baghdad)

- 1260 : eventually converted to Islam and established their own muslim dynasty (Ilkhanids) in IRAN

Sufism

700 CE

Mustical dimension of Islam. Sufis look to create direct, close, and personal experience with the divine through meditation, music, and dance. HELPED SPREAD ISLAM by connection with the common people, helped absorb customs of conquered

(Slave) Delhi Sultanate

India Islam Empire 1206-1525

-Sufism brought islam to India and further

-(slave) sometimes because slave took position as emperor

-In 1200s, about 25% of population became Muslims (Still minority), located in NW INDIA

-had 4 dynasties

-TIMES OF TENSION, DEEP CONFLICT, DISTRUST

Urdu-Hindi

new language (Urdu + Hindi + Arabic) during Delhi Sultanate empire in India

Sikhism

New religion in 1496 that blended islam and hinduism

-Believed in one god, karma, and rebirth

Stipend

financial payment by state (empire) to those who were willing to convert to Islam

Caste

social structure of hinduism

Modern day Persia

Ilkhanate

Muslims Social Society

Based on occupation

Hinduism Social Society

-born into

-cant marry out of your class

-cant move up or down social classes

Muslim Beliefs

monotheistic, doesn't eat pig cause they think its a dirty animal, religious text, 5 pillars

Hinduism Beliefs

polytheistic, believe in karma, reincarnation, considers animals sacred ESPECIALLY COWS, so they don't eat pork or beef, sometimes they are vegetarians entirely.

Mughals Empire (India)

1526-1857

-gunpowder empire

-violent army (fierce, strong)

-progressive period, peaceful, stable

-Trade flourished from silk road: cotton, spices, silk, food

-1650 Traded with British

what lead to decline of Mughal empire?

1650 Traded with British which interrupted ways of life and lead to decline of empire

Who was founder of Mughals Dynasty? When?

1525 Babar was founder of dynasty

-created large empire

-captured Delhi, most of North and Central Asia

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor 1556-1605

-took over empire when he was 14 years old

-Married Hindu princess

- got rid of Jizya tax

-Welcomed Hindus from all cates

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor after Akbar that reversed everything Akbar did

-Not religiously tolerant

- Reinstituted jizya tax

-Brings back Sharia law in empire

-Trys to force conversion of Islam into people

-Created internal division

Taj Mahal

Created by Shah Jahan during Mughal empire in India

Ottoman Empire? Leader? What was their type of islam religion?

1299-1923 gunpowder Turkish Dynasty (SUNNI)

-Sacked Constantinople in 1453- were able to do this with their canons and gunpowder firearms

-Conquered Byzantine empire and arabian peninsula

-Military state lead by Sultan

-very diverse empire

-Followed Sharia Law

-Strong economy: trade

Suleyman

1520 -1566

-Most important Ottoman caliph

-lawgiver cause he organized legal code

-Created Canon Laws

Mehmed II The Conquerer

Sacked constantinople to finish what his father started

-turned Haga Sophia in Hamas

What did the Ottoman empire change the capital of Constantinople to once they conquered it?

istanbul

Pashas

Regional military leaders responsible for collecting taxes from millets

Millets

Self governed religious community

Jannisaries

Christian boys whose lands had been conqered and were forced to give service as an elite fighting force, or high government officials

Safavid Empire? What religion did they follow? Capital?

gunpowder empire 1500-1736

-SHIITES

-ruling dynasty for most of IRAN

-Attacked Sunni neighbors

-Capital was Isfahan

-Strong military

-Land trade, limited access to seas

How did Safavid Empire decline?

Became weak, conservative, people didn't want to trade with them anymore which lead to decline.

Important Safavid emperor? What did he do?

Shah Abbas the first

-string military leader that protected land from Ottomans

-Sought alliances with europeans, reduced taxes

-TRADED WITH ENGLISH AND DUTCH

Where did Muhammad recieve revelations?

Mecca

Capital of Umayyad empire

Damascus, Syria

Slave Delhi Sultans ruled out of where?

NW India

City in an empire that remains christian until Ottomans conquer it.

Constantinople--> Istanbul

Where were the Safavids located?

Iran

Capital of Fatimids

Cairo, Egypt