The cardiac cycle

In the cardiac cycle what is the order of the gross activities of the heart

1. electrical

2. mechanical

3. clinical

where dos impulse begin in the heart

the SA node

the P wave indicates what in the heart

atrial depolarization

the flat area between the p wave and QRS complex indicates what

travel through the AV node

the QRS complex indicates what in the heart

Ventricular depolarization

the T wave indicates what in the heart

ventricular repolarization

In relation to the EKG/ECG when does left ventricular systole occur

immediately after the QRS complex

immediately after the QRS complex what phase of left ventricular systole takes place where all the valves are closed

Isovolumetric contraction

In relation to the EKG/ECG when does left ventricular diastole occur

after the T wave

directly following the T-wave what phase of diastole occurs that has all the valves closed

isovolumetric relaxation

what is stroke volume

change in volume between end of diastole and end of systole

in relation to the EKG/ECG when does left atrial systole occur

after the P wave

When does atrial repolarization take place relation to the ECG/EKG

during the QRS complex

left atrial diastole occurs _______ the remainder of the cardiac cycle

throughout

A small spike in left atrial pressure occurs during ________ as the mitral valve bows back into the LA

ventricular ejection

what’s the spike seen in the left atria during ventricular ejection called

C wave

list the heart sounds and their causes

s1- av valve closure

s2- semilunar valve closure

s3- rapid ventricular filling

s4- atrial kick

s1 and s2 heart sounds are ________

ventricular systolic

s3 and s4 heart sounds are _________

ventricular diastolic

what is the integral difference between the cardiac cycle of the right side and left side of the heart

pressure

The jugular venous pressure can be related back to the ________

pressure of the right atria

when is jugular venous pressure highest and blood is pushed back into the vena cava becoming the a wave

during atrial systole 

just like with the left atria the right atria experiences a spike in pressure during _________ becoming the c wave

isovolumetric contraction

the last spike in jugular venous pressure is seen when the atria is filling against a close tricuspid valve during ______ becoming the v wave

isovolumetric relaxation

what are the systolic and diastolic pressure for the left ventricle

• 120 systolic

• <12 diastolic

what are the systolic and diastolic pressure for the right ventricle

• 25 systolic

• <5 diastolic

what are the systolic and diastolic pressure for aorta

• 120 systolic

• 80 diastolic

what are the systolic and diastolic pressure for the pulmonary artery

• 25 systolic

• 12 diastolic

what are the mean pressures of the left atrium and right atrium

left: 0-12

right:0-5

how is pulse pressure determined

• by the difference in systolic and diastolic pressure

• rate of rise of systolic pressure

bounding pulses can be caused by

larger difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

if you observe a weak pule in an animal you could assume that they are not able to _______

achieve peak systolic pressure

distended jugular veins could be a sign of what?

increased right atrial pressure

jugular pulsations could be caused by a blocking of what?

av valves

heart murmurs are caused by ______ in the heart

turbulent blood flow

gallop sounds are referring to what?

s3 and s4

is it normal or abnormal to hear gallop sounds in small animals

abnormal

is it normal or abnormal to hear gallop sounds in large animal

normal

Ejection fraction can only be measured through what

ehocardiography

what is the ejection fraction

how much blood is pumped out with each contraction