Anatomy and Physiology Review

Flashcards for reviewing anatomy and physiology concepts.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

What is the primary function of negative feedback?

To reverse a change and keep balance.

Give an example of positive feedback.

Blood clotting or childbirth contractions.

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides the body into left and right sections.

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

Divides the body into front and back sections.

What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?

Divides the body into top and bottom sections.

What does superior mean?

Above

What does inferior mean?

Below

What does anterior mean?

Front

What does posterior mean?

Back

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the trunk

What does distal mean?

Farther from the trunk

What does superficial mean?

Near the surface

What does deep mean?

Away from the surface

What are the main regions of the axial body?

Head, neck, trunk

What are the regions of the appendicular body?

Limbs

What are the four fundamental tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion.

Give an example of where epithelial tissue is found.

Skin, lining of gut, glands

What is the most abundant tissue type?

Connective

What is the main function of connective tissue?

Support, bind, store energy

Give an example of where connective tissue is found.

Bone, blood, fat, tendons

What is the main function of muscle tissue?

Movement

Give an example of where muscle tissue is found.

Skeletal muscles, heart, walls of organs

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

Communication, control

Give examples of where nervous tissue is found.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Hormones into the blood

Give examples of endocrine glands.

Thyroid, adrenal glands

What do exocrine glands secrete?

Substances onto surfaces or into ducts

Give examples of exocrine glands.

Sweat glands, salivary glands

Where are mucous membranes found?

Lining body cavities that open to the outside (e.g., respiratory, digestive tracts)

Where are serous membranes found?

Lining cavities not open to the outside (e.g., pleura, pericardium)

What are the four body membranes?

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial.

What membrane is the skin?

Cutaneous membrane.

Where are synovial membranes found?

Lining joint cavities (e.g., knee, shoulder joints)

What is produced by the synovial membrane?

Synovial fluid

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protects the body, regulates temperature, senses environment, and helps with vitamin D production.

What are the organs of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What does the dermis contain?

Connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Insulation and energy storage.

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Sebum (oil); lubricates skin and hair

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

Temperature regulation (watery sweat)

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

Armpits/groin

List the homeostatic functions of the skin.

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis.

What is the function of osseous tissue?

Connective tissue with a mineralized matrix.

What are the four types of bone cells?

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

What is the function of osteogenic cells?

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Build bone (bone formation)

What is the function of osteocytes?

Maintain bone matrix

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Break down bone (resorption)

Which bone cells regulate calcium?

Osteoblasts

Which bone cells release calcium?

Osteoclasts

What are the two ossification processes?

Intramembranous and endochondral.

Give examples of long bones.

Femur, humerus

Compact bone consists of what?

Dense, solid structure

Spongy bone consists of what?

Porous, trabeculae structure

What is the function of compact bone?

Strength, protection

What is the function of spongy bone?

Lightweight, holds red marrow

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of a long bone; compact bone with medullary cavity

What is the epiphysis?

Ends of a long bone; spongy bone with red marrow

What is the periosteum?

Outer membrane of bone; bone growth and repair

What is the endosteum?

Lines medullary cavity of bone; bone growth inside

What cartilage covers joints and reduces friction?

Articular cartilage

What is bone remodeling?

Resorption + formation

What does calcitriol (vitamin D) do?

It increase calcium absorption

What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?

Raises blood Calcium (stimulates osteoclasts)

What does calcitonin do?

Lowers blood Calcium (inhibits osteoclasts)

Give an example of Cranial bones

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Give an example of Facial bones.

Maxillae (upper jaw), Mandible (lower jaw)

What are the classifcations of vertebrae?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

what bones are in the upper limb?

Humerus, radius (thumb side), ulna (pinky side)

What bones are in the lower limb?

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula

What bones are in the Pectoral girdle?

Clavicle, scapula

What bones are in the Pelvic girdle?

Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

What is a characteristics concerning Fibrous articulations (joints)

Immovable (e.g., sutures in skull)

What is a characteristics concerning Cartilaginous articulations (joints)

Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs)

What is a characteristics concerning Synovial articulations (joints)

Freely movable (e.g., shoulder, knee)

What does ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

What does tendons connect?

Muscle to bone

What is a neuron?

Basic nerve cell; conducts electrical signals

What are the types of neurons?

Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent), Interneurons

What is the function of dentrites

Receive signals

What is the function of a Axon

Sends signal away

What is the function of a Myelin Sheath?

Insulates axon (speeds up transmission)

What are the action potential steps?

Resting potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization, Return to resting

What is the Resting potential?

-70 mV

What is the CNS composed of?

Brain and spinal cord

What is the PNS composed of?

Nerves and ganglia outside CNS

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What occurs dring Prophase during Mitosis?

Chromosomes condense, spindle forms

What occurs dring Metaphase during Mitosis?

Chromosomes align in middle

What occurs dring Anaphase during Mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate

What occurs dring Telophase during Mitosis?

Nuclei reform

What occurs dring Cytokinesis during Mitosis?

Cell splits → 2 identical diploid (2n) cells

Is mitosis or meiosis done with growth and repair?

Mitosis

Is mitosis or meiosis done with sex cells- gametes?

Meiosis

What does PTH stimulate?

Osteoclasts, which increases blood Calcium