Micro Exam 1 Chapters

a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

Microbiology

Microorganisms include: (8)

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Algae, Viruses, Prions

Why are microbes very easy AND very difficult to study? (5)

Reproduce rapidly, can be grown quickly in large populations in the lab, cannot be seen directly, analyzed through indirect means, viewed through microscopes

Eukaryotes

“true nucleus” (and organelles)

Bacteria

single-celled, no true nucleus

Archaea

single-celled, no true nucleus, distinct from bacteria

Prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea, “pre-nucleus”

Akaryotes

“no nucleus” (alternate term for prokaryotes)

Microbes are _____

(ubiquitous) everywhere

Microbes are _____ (size)

small size but large in number

____ are the most abundant cellular organisms in the ocean

Bacteria

_____ are the most abundant inhabitants of the ocean

Viruses

Bacteria and fungi live together with plants and help ________

in obtaining nutrients and water

______ is when humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting.

Biotechnology

Examples of biotechnology are:

Genetic Engineering, Recombinant DNA Technology, and Bioremediation

Genetic Engineering is when _____

manipulates the genes to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Recombinant DNA Technology is when ______

Transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

Bioremediation is when ______

Uses microbes already present or introduced intentionally to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

True or False: The vast majority of microorganisms that associate with humans are harmless or beneficial

True

What are microbes that cause disease

Pathogens

Over _____ microbes cause disease

2,000

True or False: Infectious diseases are common causes of death worldwide

True

When did the Genetic Identification of the Human Microbiome start

2010 and Beyond

Produced by the Human Microbe Project and set the stage for new knowledge of our microbial guests and their role in our overall health and disease

Genetic Identification of the Human Microbiome

What are monomers

subunits of macromolecules

What are polymers

chains of various lengths of monomers

Macromolecules are what size, and how many main types are there

Very large; 4 main types

What are the 4 main types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates end with the suffix ___

-ose

Examples of carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose

____ Contribute to structural support and protection; serve as nutrient and energy storage

Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrate)

__ is the cell wall of plants and many algae

Cellulose

__ is an important component of culture media

Agar

__ is the cell wall found in fungi

Chitin

__ is the component of bacterial cell wall

Peptidoglycan

__ is the component of gram-negative cell wall

Lipopolysaccharide

__ is the protective outer layer; role in the attachment of cells to other cells or surfaces

Glycocalyx

Triglycerides are a __

important storage lipid

__ is composed of a single molecule of glycerol bound to the three fatty acids

Triglycerides (lipid)

Fatty acids can be _ or _

saturated or unsaturated

Triglycerides are stored in long-term concentrated form as ___ or ___

droplets or globules

True or False: Triglycerides yield twice as much energy per gram as other storage molecules (carbohydrates)

True

hydrophilic means __

“water-loving” head

Hydrophobic means ___

“water-fearing” tail

When exposed to an aqueous solution, membrane lipid’s ____

Charged heads are attached to the water, Non-polar tails are repelled from the water, and naturally assume a single or double layer (bilayer)

What are complex ringed compounds found in cell membranes and as animal hormones

Steroids

What reinforces the cell membrane in cells that lack a cell wall

Cholesterol

What are found in the cell wall of bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, contributing to their disease-causes potential

Waxes

Predominant organic molecule in cells

Proteins

How many different amino acids are proteins composed of

20

A molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

Peptide

Usually has more than 20 amino acids and is often a smaller subunit of a protein

Polypeptide

True or False: The structure of a protein determines its function

True

Type, Number, and order of amino acids in the chain

Primary Structure

What protein structure arises when various functional groups (R groups) interact by forming hydrogen bonds

Secondary Structure

Two types of protein secondary structure

Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheet

What protein structure is created by additional bonds between functional groups

Tertiary Structure

What protein structure is when more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein

Quaternary Structure

Each protein develops a unique shape, and its surface displays a distinct pattern of ___ and ___ on the surface

pockets | bulges

Proteins can only interact with molecules that fit its particular _____, like a lock and key

surface features

Catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells

Enzymes

Glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

Antibodies

The functional three-dimensional form of a protein

Native State

Disruption of the native slate of a protein

Denatured

Denaturing agents include ___, ____, ____, and _______.

heat, acid, alcohol, some disinfectants

Contains a special genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organism’s heredity

DNA

“helper” molecules responsible for carrying out DNA’s instructions

RNA

What is the gentic material for most viruses

RNA

Formed by two long nucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases

Nucleic Acids

Adenine always pairs with _____

Thymine

Guanine always pairs with

Cytosine

Made up of 3 parts: Adenine, Ribose, 3 high-energy phosphate molecules

Adenine Triphosphate

Give off energy when the bond is broken between the second and third phosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate

In Adenosine Triphosphate, energy is ____ and ___ for chemical reaction

released and stored

The science of classifying living things

Taxonomy

The process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified

Identification

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms.

Nomenclature

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

Classification

Scientific name is a combination of the ___ and ___ names.

Genus and species

Scientific names are _____ when they are written in print and _____ when they are written by hand.

Italicized | underlined

When the name is abbreviated, the ____ name is abbreviated to the first initial followed by a period and the full _____ name is written

genus | species

Order of the classifcations

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

How Organisms (Bacteria) are different from Eukaryotes

The way their DNA is packaged: lack of nucleus and histones

The makeup of their cell wall: peptidoglycan and other unique chemicals

Their internal structures: lack of membrane-bound organelles

All Bacteria cells contain

Cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, one (or a few) chromosomes

Most bacteria contain

Cell wall, A surface coating called a glycocalyx

Bacteria can:

Be independent unicellular organisms

Some act as a group in colonies or biofilms

Some communicate through nanotubes

Bacteria have an average size of _____

1 µm (micron)

Cell is spherical or ball shaped, can be perfect sphere, oval, bean-shaped or even pointed

Coccus

A cell that is cylindrical is termed a rod, depending on the species, they can be blocky, spindle-shaped, round-ended, long and threadlike (filamentous), or even club shaped or drumstick-shaped

Bacillus

When a rod is short and plump, it is called a _____

coccobacillus

Singly occurring rods that are gently curved

Vibrio

A bacterium having a slightly curved or spiral-shaped body, a rigid helix, twisted twice or more along its axis (like a corkscrew)

Spirillum

Another spiral cell, a more flexible form that resembles a spring

Spirochete