BIOL 2160 Final Exam

A deficiency in cholesterol will have the largest effect on the activity of which organ?

Liver

A liver cell in your body that has become infected by a virus would present an antigen on its own:

Class I MHC complex

A person who has had their gall bladder removed must closely monitor their intake of what?

fats

Allergies are a result of excessive release of what?

Histamine

An epitope is part of:

An antigen

Bile salts are made from:

Cholesterol

Both B cells and T cells have receptors for antigens on their membranes (T/F)

True

Cytotoxic T cells release perforin, which does what?

Forms pores in cell membranes

During a record-setting performance at the bar, you manage to consume 1,000 mLs of alcohol. About how much water will you eliminate in your urine?

4,000 mLs

Eating a meal that is high in protein will result in increased release of which pancreatic enzyme?

Chymotrypsin

Failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate levels of sodium bicarbonate might have which of the following consequences?

Damage to the small intestine due to exposure to acidic chyme

Helper T cells are involved in:

Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

How do memory B cells help you avoid getting the same illness twice?

By forming plasma cells and releasing antibodies

If you were to measure the pH of chyme in the duodenum, and found it to be between 7 and 8, would this promote, or delay further emptying of gastric contents?

Promote

In which part of the nephron is Na+ not reabsorbed?

Descending limb of the Loop of Henle

Increased blood flow to the site of injury is a result of __________ being released by mast cells.

Histamine

Increased vasopressin levels might be attributed to improper functioning of which digestive organ?

Large intestine

Reabsorption of ___________ in the proximal tubule is active.

Na+

Select the incorrect statement about ADH.

- It is secreted if the body fluids become hypertonic

- It is produced by the distal tubule

- It stimulates reabsorption of water

- It is not secreted if the body consumes large amounts of water

- It is also called vasopressin

- It is produced by the distal tubule

Some drugs are easily detected in the urine because of which process?

Secretion

The Na+-K+ ATPase transport system that plays a pivotal role in much of tubular reabsorption is located on the __________.

Basolateral membrane of tubular cells

The pharyngoesophageal sphincter is normally closed to prevent what?

Air from entering the esophagus during breathing

The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to establish a concentration gradient that will allow for the reabsorption of __________ in the distal tubule and collecting duct

water

Water reabsorption is under the control of vasopressin _______.

Only in the distal tubule and collecting duct

What is the purpose of cytokines in the inflammatory response?

Attract more phagocytic cells

What is the purpose of the Loop of Henle?

Maintain a chemical gradient

What percentage of plasma entering the glomerulus is unfiltered and leaves through the efferent arteriole?

80%

What percentage of the total Na+ that gets reabsorbed takes place in the proximal tubule?

67

When the extracellular fluid becomes too acidic, the tubular secretion of __________

Hydrogen ions increase

Where does 25% of the total Na+ reabsorbed take place?

Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

Which cell type in the adaptive immune system would be most helpful in destroying cancerous cells in your body?

Cytotoxic T cells

Which cell type in the innate immune system would be most useful in battling cancerous cells?

Natural Killer cells

Which gastric hormone indirectly affects fat digestion?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which is NOT a pancreatic hormone that is involved in protein digestion?

- Carboxypeptidase

- Aminopeptidase

- Chymotrypsin

- Trypsin

- Aminopeptidase

Which is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?

- Glucose

- All of these

- Urea

- Amino acids

- None of these

- All of these

Which is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system?

Small intestine

Which of the following is not a component of saliva?

- Amylase

- Mucus

- Water

- Lysozyme

- Pepsin

- Pepsin

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

- Maintain appropriate CO2 levels in the blood

- Maintain proper plasma volume

- Regulation of the concentration of extracellular fluid ions

- Maintain water balance in the body

- None of the above

Maintain appropriate CO2 levels in the blood

Which of the following is not a step in transepithelial transport?

- Movement of the substance across the basolateral membrane of the tubular cell

- Movement of the substance through tight junctions of tubular cells

- Movement of the substance across the luminal membrane of the tubular cell

- Movement of the substance through the cytosol of the tubular cell

- Movement of the substance across the glomerular capillary wall

- Movement of the substance through tight junctions of tubular cells

Which of the following is NOT a type of autoimmune disease?

- All of the above

- Rheumatoid arthritis

- Type 1 Diabetes

- AIDS

- AIDS

Which of the following is NOT part of the humoral immune response?

- Activation of cytotoxic T cells

- Production of memory B cells

- Activation of helper T cells

- Secretion of antibody molecules

- Activation of cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following is NOT part of your innate immunity?

- Lysozyme

- Mucus

- Skin

- T cell lymphocytes

- T cell lymphocytes

Which of the following is not usually one of the substances that is secreted during tubular secretion?

- K+

- H+

- Na+

- Organic ions

- Na+

Which of the following will NOT be recognized by T cell lymphocytes?

- None of the above

- Antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell

- Un-bound antigen circulating in the blood

- Antigen presented by infected cell

Un-bound antigen circulating in the blood

Which part of an antibody physically makes contact with antigens?

Variable region

Which process is thought to control interferon release?

Fever

Which tissue layer of the digestive tract helps prevent damage from friction due to digestive motility?

Serosa

Which type of lymphocyte divides during the humoral immune response?

B cell

Why would drinking sea water make you more dehydrated?

Increased Na+ in the filtrate would lead to increased secretion of water in the distal tubule

The colon is part of which digestive organ?

-small intestine

-liver

-large intestine

-large intestine

HIV is a virus specifically known to attack what type of immune cell?

-Plasma B cells

-Memory T cells

-Helper T cells

-Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells (CD4)

Constipation is a consequence of which organ improperly functioning?

-Small Intestine

-Stomach

-Kidneys

-Large Intestine

-Gallbladder

Large Intestine

If a person were to have complications with gallbladder function, what kinds of foods should they stay away from?

-Fruits

-Fats

-Salts

-Poultry

Fats/Lipids

Increased urine production and excretion is a result from which biological process?

-Inhibition of ADH secretion

-Low TSH levels

-Decreased aldosterone

-Increased ADH presence

Inhibition of ADH secretion

What role does vasopressin have on the function of the membrane of the distal tubule?

-Increases fluid output to the collecting duct

-Decreases water reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries

-Has little to no effect on water maintenance

-Generates a greater flow of water back into the blood

Generates a greater flow of water back into the blood