Ionic Bonding, Octet Rule, and Ion Formation - Comprehensive Study Notes (copy)

Octet Rule

The concept that elements combine to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons.

Ion

A charged species, either positive (cation) or negative (anion).

Cation

A positively charged ion formed by the loss of electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed by the gain of electrons.

Electronegativity

A measure of an element's desire for electrons in a bond.

Ionic Bonding

A type of chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion consisting of two or more atoms.

Crystal Lattice

A structured arrangement of ions in an ionic compound.

Swap-and-Drop Method

A technique to determine the formula of ionic compounds by swapping the charges of ions.

S-block Elements

Elements found in the first two groups of the periodic table where the outermost electrons are in the s orbital.

D-block Elements

Transition metals found in groups 3-12 of the periodic table.

Chloride Ion

The anion formed when chlorine gains one electron, represented as Cl⁻.

Calcium Cation

The cation formed when calcium loses two electrons, represented as Ca²⁺.

Ionic Compound Properties

Ionic compounds are hard and brittle, and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved.

Naming Cations

Cations are often named by the element name followed by 'ion' (e.g., sodium ion).

Naming Anions

Anions are named by replacing the ending of the element name with -ide (e.g., chloride).

Electronegativity Difference (ΔEN)

The difference in electronegativity values between two bonded atoms, indicating the bond type.

Nitrate Ion

A common polyatomic ion represented as NO₃⁻.

Chlorine Electronic Configuration

The full electronic configuration for chlorine is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵.

Calcium Electron Configuration

The electron configuration for calcium is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s².

Iron(III) Ion

The cation form of iron with a +3 charge, represented as Fe³⁺.

Sodium Chloride

An ionic compound formed from the reaction of sodium and chlorine, represented as NaCl.

Molecular Conductivity

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state but do when molten or dissolved in water.

Brittle Nature of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are hard and brittle due to the strong ionic bonds in their crystal lattice.

Formal Charge Balance

The condition that must be satisfied in ionic compound formulas to ensure neutrality.