Nursing final exam

Gross motor development

Involve the use of large muscle groups that control big movements. (Walking, running, and jumping)

Very important for play and physical devlopement

Brain development in Early childhood

mylenation of brain in neurons allows increase in fine motor skills.

Fine motor skills

involve smaller, precise movements. (writing or drawing)

Preoperational stage in early childhood

They begin to mentally represent things they can’t see

Understanding of objects in space

Second stage of cognitive development in Piaget

limitations of preoperational thought in early childhood

Inability to conserve items( different shapes/sizes)

Animism - when human life or qualities are attributed to nonliving objects

Expertise

Middle adulthood cognitive

Having more info and knowledge on something particular leading to being able to solve problems within that particular field.

encapsulation

Middle adulthood cognitive

how an expert’s informational processing is centered around their specialty or specific knowledge.

EX: veteran nurse knowing more than new grad nurse

Sandwich generation

caring for adult children and caring for elderly parents.

Middle adulthood

Filial maturity

balancing love and duty to care for parent that may be elderly with health issues and finances

ceneterians

person whose 100 years or older

life span

maximum number of years an indivisual can live

life expectancy

average number of years someone is expected to live

Hayflick limit

number of times a human cell population can divide before it stops dividing

Erikson in middle adulthood

Generativity vs stangation

What is generativity vs stagnation

finding purpose and contributing to society versus feeling unproductive or disconnected during middle adulthood

Carl Jung Individualization

becoming your true whole self by integrating all parts of your personality.

Male menopause

no evidence, but testosterone slowly decreases and erectile dysfunction happens.

Female menopause

woman stops ovulating/menstruating and loses ability to concieve children around age 52.

may experience hot flashes and itching

common causes mortality in middle age

suicides and poisonings(alcohol and drug abuse)

types of retirement

phased(reduced work gradually) or bridge employment(switching to another line of work)

Hearing during middle adulthood

graduate hearing loss at pitches higher than speech

Physical changes across middle adulthood

near vision, need for more light

skin becomes less smooth

decrease in lung capacity and lower bone density

Arranged marriage

children does have say in marriage with some limitations

forced marriage

child has no say in who they will marry

common in collectivist cultures like India

John Gottman marriage research

Be nice and positive to partner

Do 5 positive things for partner to make up for something that done badly to partner.

Marriage trends

Marriage happens a lot of later in life now than before

Sternberger triangular theory of love

Passion, Commitment, Intimacy

happens during early adulthood

Sternberger’s passion

The physical attraction, desire, and sexual excitement in a relationship

Sternberger’s Commitment

how committed you are to the person

Sternberger’s intimacy

degree that you can disclose stuff to a person, not sexual intimacy

Living together before marriage

has higher divorce rates than waiting to live with person during marriage

Recentering

Happens during early adulthood

1. embedded in family

2. Remains connected to family but develops intimate partners and involvement in work

3. remains connected to family but established independence through commitment to family and career

College professors ranking

Assistant → Associate → Full professor

6-7 years to rank up

Instructional track

hired to teach

clinical track

educate clinical nurse

Tenure track

Research/teaching

Factors that facilitate transition to college

Talk to counselor

have reasonable expectations

involvement with extracurriculars

William Perry reflective thinking

Believed that adolescent thought is polar(right or wrong)

Relavisitc thought develops where acknowledgment of diverse perspectives occurs

Happens in early adulthood

LGBTQ healthcare

receive most hate out of any group of people

1 in 5 LGBTQ people were denied healthcare

Health issues during Early adulthood

obesity, sleep issue, smoking, depression, alcohol use and abuse

Reproduction issues for men in early adulthood

infertility in men when there is a production of too few sperm and blocked ejaculatory ducks.

Reproduction issue for women is early adulthood

Women fail to produce Ova

considered infertile after 12 months of trying to concieve

Piaget’s view in early adulthood

Adults and adolescents think the same in a qualitative way, but demonstrate quantitative difference.

early adulthood age range

18-40 years old

middle adulthood age range

40 - 65 years old

good stress

Eustress

Bad stress

distress

General adaptation syndrome

Alarm(fight or flight) → Resistance(adaptation phase) → Exhaustion from stress

Hans seyle theory

Intially studied effects of hormones and later discovered the idea of noxious agents aka STRESS

Adrenarche

hormonal changes in the adrenal glands above kidneys around 7 or 8.

Comes first

Gonadarche

sexual maturation and development of reproductive maturity

Primary sex characteristics

Responsible for reproduction like ejaculation

secondary sex characteristics

develop gradually over time

EX: pubic hair, breast growth

Adolescent daredevil brain

Unique period of brain development where people do very stupid things and are fearless.

frontal lobe has decreased grey matter and increase of mylenation with pleasure centers being more receptive.

David Elkin-Egocentric

Happens during adolescence

Imaginary audience and personal fable

Imaginary audience

heightned self consious

personal fable

belief of uniqueness and invulnerability

Middle childhood Erikson

Industry(academic achievement) vs inferiority 6-14 years old

Popular children during middle childhood

good listeners, show concerns, self confidence

Unpopular children who are neglected

shy/anxious

Unpopular children who are rejected

impulsive, fewer social skills, difficulty paying attention

James Marcia Identity status

Happens in adolescence (respect to work)

Foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, identity achievement

Foreclosure

premature selection without exploration and based on other peoples wishes

identity diffusion

no interest in exploring careers

moratorium

state of active crisis with exploration but no commitment

identity achievement

commitment to a role after active search or crisis

social determinants of adolescence

depression, race, social media use

Erikson in adolescence

Identity vs role confusion

what is identity vs role confusion

where individuals try to develop a clear sense of self, and failure to do so leads to confusion about their identity and future roles.

Adolescence age range

12-18

Thanatology

Study of death and dying

Hospice care

Provide care and comfort when life expectancy is less than 6 months

palliative care

provide improved quality care and comfort for serious illness at any point in life

Advanced directives

Legal documents that tell providers how you want to be cared when your not able to communicate anymore.

Social determinants in late adulthood

social isolation

definition of good death(steinhauser, 2000)

Good symptom management, patient professional relationship quality, having the opportunity to say goodbye and not die alone

Erikson late adulthood

Ego integrity vs despair

what is ego integrity vs despair

hose who feel satisfied develop a sense of peace, while those with regrets may feel despair.

Erikson in middle childhood

industry vs inferiority

what is industry vs inferiority

where children develop confidence through learning and achievements, or feel inferior if they fail or are criticized.

Smilnansky 4 types of play

Functional(1-2 years old)

Constructive(3-5 years old)

Pretend play (5-7 years old)

games with rules (10-11 years old)

Functional play

simple repetitive movements like shaking a toy

constructive

manipulating objects to build something

Social dimensions of play(Parten)

Solitary, Unoccupied, onlooker, parallel, cooperative

Parallel play

playing next to each other but not with another

unoccupied

no goal

Erikson in early childhood

Initiative vs guilt

Inductive reasoning

explain why something is bad

Authoritative parents

high warmth high demandingness

Authoritarian parents

low on warmth but high on demandingness

Permissive

low on demandingness but high on warmth

Uninvolved parents

low warmth and low control

Piaget concrete operation

middle childhood (7-11)

have better idea of spatial thinking(how far something is) and cause/effect

meta memory

awareness and understanding of their own memory abilities and strategies

Weschler test

Middle childhood

Performance and verbal based

gender fluid

moves between different gender identities

genderqueer

identifies outside male/female spectrum

When does language development explode

18-24 months

What technique do children use to quickly learn new words

fast mapping

what is fast mapping

quickly learn the meaning of a new word after hearing it just once or twice, often by using context clues.