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Gross motor development
Involve the use of large muscle groups that control big movements. (Walking, running, and jumping)
Very important for play and physical devlopement
Brain development in Early childhood
mylenation of brain in neurons allows increase in fine motor skills.
Fine motor skills
involve smaller, precise movements. (writing or drawing)
Preoperational stage in early childhood
They begin to mentally represent things they can’t see
Understanding of objects in space
Second stage of cognitive development in Piaget
limitations of preoperational thought in early childhood
Inability to conserve items( different shapes/sizes)
Animism - when human life or qualities are attributed to nonliving objects
Expertise
Middle adulthood cognitive
Having more info and knowledge on something particular leading to being able to solve problems within that particular field.
encapsulation
Middle adulthood cognitive
how an expert’s informational processing is centered around their specialty or specific knowledge.
EX: veteran nurse knowing more than new grad nurse
Sandwich generation
caring for adult children and caring for elderly parents.
Middle adulthood
Filial maturity
balancing love and duty to care for parent that may be elderly with health issues and finances
ceneterians
person whose 100 years or older
life span
maximum number of years an indivisual can live
life expectancy
average number of years someone is expected to live
Hayflick limit
number of times a human cell population can divide before it stops dividing
Erikson in middle adulthood
Generativity vs stangation
What is generativity vs stagnation
finding purpose and contributing to society versus feeling unproductive or disconnected during middle adulthood
Carl Jung Individualization
becoming your true whole self by integrating all parts of your personality.
Male menopause
no evidence, but testosterone slowly decreases and erectile dysfunction happens.
Female menopause
woman stops ovulating/menstruating and loses ability to concieve children around age 52.
may experience hot flashes and itching
common causes mortality in middle age
suicides and poisonings(alcohol and drug abuse)
types of retirement
phased(reduced work gradually) or bridge employment(switching to another line of work)
Hearing during middle adulthood
graduate hearing loss at pitches higher than speech
Physical changes across middle adulthood
near vision, need for more light
skin becomes less smooth
decrease in lung capacity and lower bone density
Arranged marriage
children does have say in marriage with some limitations
forced marriage
child has no say in who they will marry
common in collectivist cultures like India
John Gottman marriage research
Be nice and positive to partner
Do 5 positive things for partner to make up for something that done badly to partner.
Marriage trends
Marriage happens a lot of later in life now than before
Sternberger triangular theory of love
Passion, Commitment, Intimacy
happens during early adulthood
Sternberger’s passion
The physical attraction, desire, and sexual excitement in a relationship
Sternberger’s Commitment
how committed you are to the person
Sternberger’s intimacy
degree that you can disclose stuff to a person, not sexual intimacy
Living together before marriage
has higher divorce rates than waiting to live with person during marriage
Recentering
Happens during early adulthood
embedded in family
Remains connected to family but develops intimate partners and involvement in work
remains connected to family but established independence through commitment to family and career
College professors ranking
Assistant → Associate → Full professor
6-7 years to rank up
Instructional track
hired to teach
clinical track
educate clinical nurse
Tenure track
Research/teaching
Factors that facilitate transition to college
Talk to counselor
have reasonable expectations
involvement with extracurriculars
William Perry reflective thinking
Believed that adolescent thought is polar(right or wrong)
Relavisitc thought develops where acknowledgment of diverse perspectives occurs
Happens in early adulthood
LGBTQ healthcare
receive most hate out of any group of people
1 in 5 LGBTQ people were denied healthcare
Health issues during Early adulthood
obesity, sleep issue, smoking, depression, alcohol use and abuse
Reproduction issues for men in early adulthood
infertility in men when there is a production of too few sperm and blocked ejaculatory ducks.
Reproduction issue for women is early adulthood
Women fail to produce Ova
considered infertile after 12 months of trying to concieve
Piaget’s view in early adulthood
Adults and adolescents think the same in a qualitative way, but demonstrate quantitative difference.
early adulthood age range
18-40 years old
middle adulthood age range
40 - 65 years old
good stress
Eustress
Bad stress
distress
General adaptation syndrome
Alarm(fight or flight) → Resistance(adaptation phase) → Exhaustion from stress
Hans seyle theory
Intially studied effects of hormones and later discovered the idea of noxious agents aka STRESS
Adrenarche
hormonal changes in the adrenal glands above kidneys around 7 or 8.
Comes first
Gonadarche
sexual maturation and development of reproductive maturity
Primary sex characteristics
Responsible for reproduction like ejaculation
secondary sex characteristics
develop gradually over time
EX: pubic hair, breast growth
Adolescent daredevil brain
Unique period of brain development where people do very stupid things and are fearless.
frontal lobe has decreased grey matter and increase of mylenation with pleasure centers being more receptive.
David Elkin-Egocentric
Happens during adolescence
Imaginary audience and personal fable
Imaginary audience
heightned self consious
personal fable
belief of uniqueness and invulnerability
Middle childhood Erikson
Industry(academic achievement) vs inferiority 6-14 years old
Popular children during middle childhood
good listeners, show concerns, self confidence
Unpopular children who are neglected
shy/anxious
Unpopular children who are rejected
impulsive, fewer social skills, difficulty paying attention
James Marcia Identity status
Happens in adolescence (respect to work)
Foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, identity achievement
Foreclosure
premature selection without exploration and based on other peoples wishes
identity diffusion
no interest in exploring careers
moratorium
state of active crisis with exploration but no commitment
identity achievement
commitment to a role after active search or crisis
social determinants of adolescence
depression, race, social media use
Erikson in adolescence
Identity vs role confusion
what is identity vs role confusion
where individuals try to develop a clear sense of self, and failure to do so leads to confusion about their identity and future roles.
Adolescence age range
12-18
Thanatology
Study of death and dying
Hospice care
Provide care and comfort when life expectancy is less than 6 months
palliative care
provide improved quality care and comfort for serious illness at any point in life
Advanced directives
Legal documents that tell providers how you want to be cared when your not able to communicate anymore.
Social determinants in late adulthood
social isolation
definition of good death(steinhauser, 2000)
Good symptom management, patient professional relationship quality, having the opportunity to say goodbye and not die alone
Erikson late adulthood
Ego integrity vs despair
what is ego integrity vs despair
hose who feel satisfied develop a sense of peace, while those with regrets may feel despair.
Erikson in middle childhood
industry vs inferiority
what is industry vs inferiority
where children develop confidence through learning and achievements, or feel inferior if they fail or are criticized.
Smilnansky 4 types of play
Functional(1-2 years old)
Constructive(3-5 years old)
Pretend play (5-7 years old)
games with rules (10-11 years old)
Functional play
simple repetitive movements like shaking a toy
constructive
manipulating objects to build something
Social dimensions of play(Parten)
Solitary, Unoccupied, onlooker, parallel, cooperative
Parallel play
playing next to each other but not with another
unoccupied
no goal
Erikson in early childhood
Initiative vs guilt
Inductive reasoning
explain why something is bad
Authoritative parents
high warmth high demandingness
Authoritarian parents
low on warmth but high on demandingness
Permissive
low on demandingness but high on warmth
Uninvolved parents
low warmth and low control
Piaget concrete operation
middle childhood (7-11)
have better idea of spatial thinking(how far something is) and cause/effect
meta memory
awareness and understanding of their own memory abilities and strategies
Weschler test
Middle childhood
Performance and verbal based
gender fluid
moves between different gender identities
genderqueer
identifies outside male/female spectrum
When does language development explode
18-24 months
What technique do children use to quickly learn new words
fast mapping
what is fast mapping
quickly learn the meaning of a new word after hearing it just once or twice, often by using context clues.