AQA A Level history - The English Revolution 1625-1660

What did James respond to the idea that the church should lose its episcopal structure for a Scottish-style Presbyterian restructure? (1604)

'No Bishop, No King!'

When was the Gunpowder Plot?

1605

What were the main consequences of the Gunpowder Plot? (1605)

1. Recusancy fines increased (fine for not attending church)
2. Catholics removed from government posts
3. Catholics had to affirm new Oath of Allegiance
4. Public fear of Catholicism grew

Where was James more flexible when introducing the Book of Common Prayer in the 1610s?

Scotland

When was the Book of Sports introduced?

1618

Who wrote the Book of Sports? (1618)

George Abbot and King James

What did the Book of Sports (1618) encourage?

Recreational activities to do on a Sunday

When did the Thirty Years' War begin?

1618

Who wrote the 'Protestation' in 1621?

Edward Coke

What was the 'Protestation' of 1621?

A key constitutional document that defines Parliament's understanding of its relationship with the crown

When was the accession of Charles I?

1625

What were Charles I's main aims?

1. Maintain law and order within his kingdoms
2. Defend his kingdoms from external threats
3. Provide effective religious relationships
4. Ensure financial/economic wellbeing

What did Charles strongly believe in?

The Divine Right of Kings

Who opposed the Divine Right of Kings?

1. Parliament - some members believed that it removed Parliament's authority
2. Catholics - refused to accept that the Pope's authority could be displaced
3. Puritans - believed that he only had earthly powers so shouldn't be able to appoint spiritual leaders

What was Tonnage and Poundage?

A tax on imports and exports (customs duty)

What did Charles expect to be granted by Parliament in 1625?

£1 million in subsidies and a lifetimes worth of Tonnage and Poundage

What did Parliament grant Charles in 1625?

Two subsidies (£140,000 and one years worth of Tonnage and Poundage)

When was the assassination of Buckingham?

1628

Who assassinated Buckingham? (1628)

John Felton

Why did Henrietta Maria and Charles grow closer in 1628?

Assassination of Buckingham

What tradition was Henrietta Maria criticised for by Prynne in his Histriomastix pamphlet?

Masques

When was the Forced Loan?

1626

What did Charles do before enforcing the Forced Loan in 1626?

He asked the country for a benevolence (very few volunteered money)

How did Charles collect the Forced Loan in 1626?

All liable were summoned to public meetings and asked to pay (made refusal to pay an open act of opposition)

Who refused to license the sermon written by Robert Sibthorpe which defended the Forced Loan?

George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)

When was the Five Knights case?

1627

How many gentry did the king order the imprisonment of during the Five Knights case 1627?

76 and the Earl of Lincoln

What was the reason for the Five Knights case 1627?

Refusal to pay the Forced Loan

What was the verdict of the Five Knights case 1627?

Charles could imprison without trial, those who refused to pay this PARTICULAR loan

What was the judgement changed to in the Five Knights Case 1627?

Charles had the GENERAL right to imprison without trial

Who changed the judgement in the Five Knights Case 1627?

Robert Heath

When was the York House conference?

1626

What writings did the York House conference focus on 1626?

'A New Gagg for an Old Goose' by Richard Montagu (was it in line with Anglicism)

When was the Mansfeld Expedition?

1624

What was the aim of the Mansfeld expedition 1624?

To provide military assistance to Frederick (Henrietta Maria's brother)

Why was the Mansfeld expedition a failure 1624?

Became marooned in the United Provinces where the soldiers wasted away through starvation and sickness

When was the Cadiz expedition?

September 1625

What was the aim of the Cadiz expedition 1625?

To send an invasion fleet to the Spanish port of Cadiz

Who led the Cadiz expedition 1625?

Buckingham

Why did the Cadiz expedition fail 1625?

Soldiers got very drunk so were useless

When was the attempted impeachment of Buckingham?

May 1626

Who led the attempted impeachment of Buckingham 1626?

Sir Dudley Digges and Sir John Eliot

What did the Earl of Bristol know that Charles had done while in Spain in 1623?

Bribed Spanish courtiers but had promised to offer concessions to English Catholics if the Spanish match was secured (this was used to accuse Buckingham of treason)

What happened to Eliot and Digges after they accused Buckingham of treason May 1626?

Imprisoned in the tower of London

When were the La Rochelle raids?

1627-28

Who led the La Rochelle raids 1627-28?

Buckingham

What was the aim of the La Rochelle raids 1627-28?

To relieve the Huguenots under attack by Richelieu's forces

Why did the La Rochelle raids fail 1627-28?

The English scaling ladders were too short

How many men had died serving in Buckingham's forces 1624-1628

1/3

Of 7833 soldiers sent to La Rochelle (1627-28), how many returned?

2989

When was the third Parliament recalled?

March 1628

What were Parliament's grievances in the Third Parliament 1628?

1. Billeting
2. Taxation
3. Martial Law
4. Habeas Corpus (Robert Heath)

Who recommended a Bill of Rights 1628?

Sir John Selden and Sir John Eliot

When was the Petition of Right presented to the king?

1628

Why did the King accept the Petition of Right on 7th June 1628?

1. Parliament threatened proceedings against Buckingham
2. He was desperate for money

What did the Petition of Right include 1628?

1. Subjects could be taxed only by Parliamentary consent
2. Subjects could be imprisoned only if juts cause was demonstrated in court
3. The imposition of billeting on the population was illegal
4. Imposition of martial law on the civilian population was illegal

What ancient document was the Petition of Right based on?

Magna Carter (1215)

Who produced a Remonstrance against Buckingham - condemning his military failures (1628)

Sir John Eliot

Why did Charles feel betrayed by the public in 1628?

Their public celebration of Buckingham's death

Why did leadership in the HOC become more radical in 1628

Wentworth moved into the king's service after the assassination of Buckingham so radicals such as Eliot, Pym and Holles took control of HOC

What were the two main grievances of the 1629 Parliament?

1. Tonnage and Poundage (Charles continued to collect it)
2. Religion (rise of Arminianism)

Who called out the Three Resolutions in 1629 while the speaker was held down?

Sir John Eliot

What were the Three Resolutions 1629?

1. Anyone who introduces innovation in religion is a traitor to the Kingdom and Commonwealth
2. Anyone who suggests or recommends Tonnage and Poundage or subsidies without Parliament's approval is a traitor to the Kingdom and Commonwealth
3. Anyone who pays subsidies (e.g. Tonnage and Poundage) is an enemy of England

When was the Personal Rule?

1629-1640

How many leading opponents did Charles have arrested for treason at the beginning of Personal Rule?

8 (including Sir John Eliot and Denzil Holles)

Who were the main Privy Councillors? (during PR)

1. Richard Weston
2. Lord Cottington
3. Henry Montagu (Earl of Manchester)
4. Sir Thomas, Lord Coventry
5. William Juxon
6. William Laud
7. Thomas Wentworth
8. Francis Windebank

How many members did the Privy Council have? (during PR)

around 35

What stopped the Privy Council being effective? (during PR)

1. Charles rarely attended (June 1630-June 1631 Charles only attended 3 times)
2. Charles allowed the Spanish Faction to gain influence (Catholic)

What were Charles' main methods of government during the Personal Rule?

1. Star Chamber
2. Court of High Commission
3. Regional Councils
4. Privy Council

Who pushed the 'Thorough' policy during the 1630s?

Laud and Wentworth

When was the Book of Orders issued? (12th revision)

1631

What did the 1631 Book of Orders do?

Reformed local government, more professional working practices for JPs (penalty added for non-compliance)

Who created the 1631 Book of Orders?

Henry Montagu and his brother (a JP)

What were the main sources of revenue during the Personal Rule?

1. Customs duties (Book of Rates 1635)
2. Monopolies (Popish Soap)
3. Recusancy fines (for not going to church)
4. Distraint of Knighthood (fine for those not knighted)
5. Wardships (taking land inherited from those under 21)
6. Forest fines (Noy)
7. Building fines
8. Enclosure fines

How much did 'Popish Soap' earn Charles during Personal Rule?

£33,000

How much did forest fines earn Charles during Personal Rule?

£38,667

How much did customs revenue increase 1631-1635 after peace with Spain and France (during PR)

£270,000 per year

When did Charles first try to levy ship money?

1628

Why did Charles's attempt to levy ship money in 1628 fail?

Refusal to collect the tax (because Parliament had not endorsed it)

When did Charles levy ship money on costal towns?

1634

When did Charles extend ship money to the whole of England?

1635

What was Ship Money compliance initially at in 1635?

90%

How much did Charles raise from ship money per year?

£300,000 per year

When was the Hampden Case?

November 1637

What did John Hampden refuse to pay in 1637?

Ship money tax

How many judges concluded that ship money was unlawful during the Hampden Case in 1637?

5 out of 12

What had ship money compliance dropped to by 1639?

25%

When did Prynne have the tops of his ears cut off for attacking Henrietta Maria's court?

1634

When were all Scottish Bishops made JPs?

1634

When did Archbishop Spottiswoode become Lord Chancellor of Scotland?

1635

When did Bishop William Juxon become Lord Treasurer of England?

1636

When were all Scottish subjects told to kneel to take communion?

1629

When were new Scottish canons published based on the English canons?

1636

What does dogmatic mean?

Insist on being able to pursue your beliefs to the fullest

When did Laud re-issue the Book of Sports?

1633

When was the Abolition of Feoffees for impropriations?

1633

What were the three main Puritan opposition groups during the 1630s?

1. The Hampden Circle
2. The Puriutan Pamphleteers
3. The Providence Island Company

Who were the main members of the Hampden Circle? (1630s)

John Hampden, Oliver St John, Robert Holborne

Who were the main members of the Puritan Pamphleteers? (1630s)

Prynne, Bastwick, Burton and Lilleburn

Who were the main members of the Providence Island Company? (1630s)

John Pym, Oliver St John, William Fiennes and Viscount Says and Sele