Brain divisions

Forebrain, hindbrain

What are the two large divisions of the brain?

cortex, subcortical nuclei, thalamic complex

What parts of the brain make up the forebrain?

brainstem, cerebellum

What parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?

Dorsal

Another name for superior FOREBRAIN

Caudal

Another name for posterior FOREBRAIN

Ventral

Another name for inferior FOREBRAIN

Rostral

Another name for anterior FOREBRAIN

dorsal

Another name for posterior brainstem

Rostral

Another name for superior brainstem

caudal

Another name for inferior brainstem

ventral

Another name for anterior brainstem

cerebrum

largest part of the brain made of two hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

cerebellum

little brain, also made of two hemispheres, along with a vermis and flocculonodular lobe

cerebellum

Where are the majority of neurons found in the brain?

gyri, sulci

What two things increase the surface area of the cerebrum?

folia, sulci

What increases the surface area of the cerebellum?

Midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum

what structures made up the brainstem?

Nothing (it is smooth)

What increases the surface area of the brainstem?

gray matter

Brain and spinal cord tissue that consists of somas, dendrites, and synapses

cortex nuclei, subcortical nuclei

What kind of nuclei make up the gray matter?

Inside

Is white matter on the outside or inside of the forebrain?

myelinated axons

What is white matter made of?

corpus callosum

the large white matter band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres via tracts and carrying messages between them

neurulation

development of the nervous system

week 3

When does neurulation begin?

day 26

When does neurulation end?

ectoderm, dorsal midline

What is the neural plate made of and where does it form?

neural tube

Neural folds fuse to form ___________ during neurulation?

neck

Where does neural tube formation begin?

neural crest cells

Cells at the tip of the neural fold; this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous system.

arachnoid mater, pia mater

What CNS structures does the neural crest form?

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

What are the 3 primary embryonic vessicles?

Prosencephalon

The embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the forebrain.

telencephalon, diencephalon

Components of the prosencephalon

telencephalon

Component of the prosencephalon which forms the cerebrum

diencephalon

Component of the prosencephalon which forms the thalamus

mesnecephalon

The embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the midbrain

does not divide

What is unique about the mesencephalon?

Rhombencephalon

The embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the hindbrain

metencephalon, myelencephalon

Components of the rhombencephalon

pons, cerebellum

What does the metencephalon make up?

medulla

What does the myelencephalon make up?

pons

What is the "manager: of the hindbrain?

Hindbrain

What division of the brain carries out vital functions OUTSIDE of conscious awareness?

motor, sensory

The medulla has both _________ and __________ functions?

inferior olive

structure in the medulla aiding in motor learning

8, 9, 10, 12

nerve innervating the medulla

reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory

Centers of the reticular formation?

gracile/cuneate nuclei, medial lemniscus

Sensory structures in the medulla aiding in body tactile sense

spinothalamic tract

Sensory structure in the medulla aiding body and pain sense

spinal nucleus of V

sensory structure in the medulla aiding in face temp and pain sense

solitary tract nucleus

Medulla nucleus which handles gustatory, respiratory, baroreceptor, and commissural nuclei

contralateral

Medial medullary syndrome involves _____________________ limb weakness

contralateral

Medial medullary syndrome involves _____________________ body decreased touch sense

ipsilateral

Medial medullary syndrome involves _____________________ tongue weakness

ipsilateral

Lateral medullary syndrome involves _____________________ ataxia, vertigo, nystagmus, and nausea (balance issues)

contralateral

Lateral medullary syndrome involves _____________________ decreased pain/temp sense in the body

ipsilateral

Lateral medullary syndrome involves _____________________ decreased pain/temp sense in the face

Horner's syndrome

collection of signs relating to injury of the cervical sympathetic innervation to the eye

pontine nuclei

Structure in the Pons which relays between cortex and cerebellum for motor coordiantion

5-8

Nerves innervating the medulla

superior olive

Pons structure which localizes sound

pontine micturition center

Pons structure which regulates urination

sleep, respiration, posture (quality of life)

What is the pontine reticular formation responsible for?

medulla

The pons nuclei coordinate with the ___________

medial

lesions in the medial or lateral pons exhibit more motor effects?

locked-in syndrome

condition resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the patient lacks all distal motor activity (paralysis) but cognition is intact

cerebellar peduncles

connect the cerebellum to the pons, or brainstem

superior, middle, inferior

three types of cerebellar peduncles?

ascending output to red nucleus and thalamus

the superior cerebellar peduncle sends what kind of output to where?

middle

Biggest of the cerebellar peduncles

middle

cerebellar peduncle helping with corticopontine input, or planned actions, telling/helping the cerebellum do its job

descending output to brainstem and spinal cord

The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries what kind of output where?

granule cells

most abundant type of neuron in the entire brain

80

cerebellum holds what percentage of neurons?

False

More neurons project into the spinal cord than to the pons/cerebellum. True or False?

vermis

What part of the cerebellum controls axial muscles and balance?

hemispheres

What part of the cerebellum controls ipsilateral muscles

cerebellum

What part of the hindbrain could protect against language deficits?

vermis

What part of the cerebellum would be injured if we observed impaired balance with an unsteady and wide-based gait?

appendicular ataxia

What condition would result from cerebellar hemisphere lesions?

dysmetria, dysrhythmia, intention tremor

What are the three symptoms of appendicular ataxia?

tectum

Most posterior part of midbrain

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, pretectal nucleus

Three parts of the midbrain tectum

tegmentum

ventral part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal

cerebral aqueduct

a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the midbrain

oculomotor, trochlear

Nuclei housed in the tegmentum of the midbrain

red nucleus

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

ventral tegmental area

a portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to stimulate amygdala for pleasure and reward center

periaqueductal gray

Structure surrounding the cerebral aqueduct to regulate pain and arousal

substantia nigra

An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons

cerebral crus

Bundle of nerve fibers that connect cerebrum to pons
Carries corticospinal tracts

ipsilateral third nerve palsy, contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral ataxia and sensory loss, coma

4 results of midbrain lesions

reticular formation

Loosely defined groups of neurons throughout the brainstem

somatic motor, cardiovascular, pain modulation, arousal and habituation

four functions/controls of reticular formation

Forebrain

Everything that we are aware of is created here:

diencephalon

part of forebrain that is superior and anterior to the brainstem

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Three divisions of the diencephalon