chapter 1 intro to rad

What date was xrays found on

November 8, 1895

who was x rays found by

William Conrad Roentgen

Roentgen did what

he was working with a crookes tube. experimenting with electricity.

what location was xrays found

At the University of Wurzburg, Germany

Roentgen identified…

nearly all of the properties of X-rays known today.

when did william conrad roentgen win Nobel peace prize

1901.

First documented medical application..?

X-ray of a young boy’s arm

Performed at Dartmouth College

Early X-ray images could take up to ? minutes to acquire.

30

HC Snook did what?

Developed the interrupterless transformer

Used alternating current

William Coolage did what?

In 1910, designed the hot cathode x-ray tube

Used Snook’s improved electrical supply

Prototype of the X-ray tube used today

Michael Idvorsky Pupin did what

Demonstrated the use of fluorescent screens / intensifying screens

Screens activated light when exposed to radiation

Reduced the amount of radiation needed

when did thomas edison discover fluoroscope

1898

Thomas Edison did what..

Discovered many fluorescent chemicals used in radiography today

Abandoned his research after his assistant, Clarence Dally, became severely burned from radiation

Dally died in 1904 from radiation exposure

thomas edison stopped research because of ?

his assistant, Clarence Dally, became severely burned from radiation

Dally died in 1904 from radiation exposure

ARRT stands for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

what is a Image Receptor (IR)

digital radiation receptor.

xray moves through these hard or easy? air water fat and bone?

X-rays move easily through air, less

through water and fat, and even less

through bone

what is a latent image

(invisible) image that is stored

on the IR until it is finished processing

what are the 4 requirements for xray production

a vacuum, source of electrons, a target for electrons, a high potential difference between the electron source and target

what is the vacuum in xray

a glass envelope that contains the vacuum in tube

all air is removed so gas molecules dont interfere

made of borosilicate glass (pyrex) to withstand heat

tunstein is made of?

74 orbiting electrons

x rays are formed on small area of target called

focal spot

from the focal spot the xrays diverge in space to form what

primary beam

the point where the primary field is utilized is called the

radiation field

central ray

a photon in center of the primary beam called what

collimation

controls the size of radiation field

scatter radiation

result of xray energy interacting with matter (patient or xray table)

how fast does electromagnetic energy travel

186000 miles per second

electromagnetic spectrum is

range of energies

radiation with less than 1 nanometer is

ionizing

what does ionizing mean

it can remove electrons from orbit

xray has blank of a nanometer

.1 nanometer

All electromagnetic energy moves through space at the same

velocity about 186,000 miles per second, but their wavelengths

and frequencies blank.

differ

xrays have a “dual nature” which means

they exist as both waves and photons

photon

smallest unit of electromagnetic energy

photon is also called

bullet of energy

quanta/quantum

bundles of photons

xray tube housing

surrounds xray tube to absorb radiation that is not useful

what does x ray tube housing also have

it provides base of attachment to manipulate tube, size, and shape of beam

mA:

(milliamperage)

determines how many electrons will be boiled off of the filament (controls x-ray quantity)

Timer (Time, seconds,milliseconds):

Controls duration of exposure

ma + time

determines the quantity of radiation

kVp

controls the wavelength and penetrating power of the beam

bucky

select which grid will move during exposure

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC):

Terminates exposure when certain amount of radiation reaches the IR – used in Buckys only

Prep (rotor or ready):

prepares tube for exposure – activate until exposure is

complete

Timer reminds users of fluoro time…

(usually 5 minutes) to help minimize exposure

Fluoroscopy

Allows review and record of images in motion in real

time

Image intensifier (tower)

contains photomultiplier tubes that brighten and enhance images