Exam 2

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Where are old RBCs destroyed?

Spleen

How long do RBCs live?

100-120 days

Most abundant WBC?

Neutrophils

Least abundant WBC?

Basophils

Largest WBC?

Monocytes

Which WBC attacks parasites?

Eosinophils

Which WBC releases histamine?

Basophils

Which plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure?

Albumin

Which plasma protein forms blood clots?

Fibrinogen

Which protein transports iron?

Transferrin

Which clot-dissolving drug is used in heart attacks and strokes?

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Which blood type is the universal donor?

O

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

AB

What prevents Rh sensitization during pregnancy?

RhoGAM

What layer is the muscular layer of the heart?

Myocardium

Which chamber has the thickest wall?

Left ventricle

Which valve is also called the bicuspid valve?

Mitral valve

Which valve has three cusps on the right side?

Tricuspid valve

Which side pumps blood to the lungs?

Right side

Which side pumps blood to the body?

Left side

Natural pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node

Sequence of conduction system?

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

P wave represents?

Atrial depolarization

QRS complex represents?

Ventricular Depolarization

T wave represents?

Ventricular Repolarization

First heart sound ("lub")?

Closure of AV valves

Second heart sound ("dup")?

Closure of semilunar valves

Formula for cardiac output?

CO = HR (heart rate) × SV (stroke vol)

Formula for stroke volume?

SV = EDV − ESV

Most important factor affecting stroke volume?

Preload

Sympathetic stimulation causes?

Increased heart rate and contractility

Parasympathetic stimulation causes?

Decreased heart rate

What are the two fetal shunts?

• Foramen ovale

• Ductus arteriosus

Smallest blood vessels?

Capillaries

Site of material exchange?

capillaries

Main regulator of resistance?

Vessel diameter

Formula for blood flow?

F = ΔP/R

Normal blood pressure?

120/80 mm Hg

Mean arterial pressure formula?

MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3(Pulse pressure)

Capillary pressure at arterial end?

35 mm Hg

Capillary pressure at venous end?

15 mm Hg

Two forces controlling capillary exchange?

• Hydrostatic pressure

• Osmotic pressure

Formula for net filtration pressure?

NFP = (HPc − HPif) − (OPc − OPif)

Main local vasodilator released by endothelial cells?

Nitric oxide (NO)

Brain vasodilator?

Carbon dioxide

Organ receiving blood mainly during diastole?

Heart

Blood pressure receptors?

Baroreceotors

Location of baroreceptors?

• Carotid sinus

• Aortic arch

Hormone released by stretched atria?

ANP

Most powerful vasoconstrictor hormone?

Angiotensin II

Hormone also called vasopressin?

ADH

Three types of shock?

1. Hypovolemic

2. Vascular

3. Cardiogenic