unit 3 ap hug

Absorbing Barriers

Obstacles that prevent cultural traits, ideas, or people from spreading or entering a new area.

Accent

A distinct way of pronouncing words, often linked to a particular region or group.

Acculturation

The process of cultural exchange where one group adopts some aspects of another culture while maintaining its own identity.

Animistic Religion

A belief system where non-human entities like animals, plants, or objects are considered to have spiritual significance.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group adopts the customs, values, and culture of the dominant group, often losing its original identity.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak and understand two languages fluently.

Centrifugal Force

Forces that pull people apart and divide a country, such as ethnic, political, or religious differences.

Centripetal Force

Forces that unify people and hold a country together, such as shared culture, language, or national identity.

Colonialism

The control or governing of a territory by a foreign power, often involving exploitation and settlement.

Convergence Hypothesis

The theory that as cultures interact, they become more similar due to shared technologies and practices.

Creole

A stable, fully developed language that has evolved from a mixture of different languages.

Creolization

The blending of two or more languages and cultures into a new, hybrid culture or language.

Cultural Attitudes

The beliefs, values, and behaviors of a society that shape how people view the world and interact with others.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that a culture should be understood on its own terms, rather than judged by the standards of another culture.

Cultural Trait

A single element of a culture, such as a tradition, custom, or object, that defines that culture.

Culture Hearth

A geographic area where new cultural practices or ideas emerge and spread to other areas.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language that differs in terms of pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

Empire

A large political unit or state that exerts control over vast territories and often multiple ethnic or cultural groups.

Endangered Language

A language that is at risk of falling out of use, often because younger generations do not learn it.

Ethnic Geography

The study of the spatial distribution and characteristics of ethnic groups within a region.

Ethnic Group

A group of people who share a common cultural background, including language, traditions, and history.

Ethnic Religion

A religion that is closely tied to a particular ethnic group, such as Judaism or Hinduism.

Ethnocentric Approach

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture, often leading to bias or misunderstanding.

Extinct Language

A language that no longer has any speakers, often due to cultural assimilation or genocide.

Generic Toponym

A place name that is common and descriptive, often based on a physical feature.

Genocide

The systematic, intentional destruction of a specific ethnic, religious, or cultural group.

Glocalization

The adaptation of global products or ideas to fit local cultural contexts and preferences.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence over other regions through colonization, military force, or economic dominance.

Indigenous Culture

The original culture of a region, often distinguished by its long history of development and deep connection to the land.

Language

A system of communication through speech, writing, or symbols, used to express thoughts and emotions.

Language Family

A group of related languages that share a common ancestral language.

Lingua Franca

A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.

Local Culture

The unique culture of a particular community, often focused on traditions, customs, and local practices.

Long-Lot Settlement Pattern

A linear settlement pattern where each farmstead is located at the end of a long, narrow lot.

Material Culture

Physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

Modernist Architecture

A style of architecture from the early 20th century emphasizing function and minimalism.

Monotheistic Religion

A religion that believes in the existence of only one god.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of multiple cultures within a society, where diversity is celebrated and respected.

Nonmaterial Culture

The intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, and norms.

Orthodox Religion

A traditional and strict form of a religion that follows established practices and doctrines.

Permeable Barriers

Barriers that allow certain elements, such as culture or people, to pass through them with little resistance.

Physical Landscape

The natural features of the Earth's surface that shape human settlement and activity.

Pidgin

A simplified form of speech that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages.

Placelessness

The feeling that a location lacks distinctiveness or cultural identity.

Placemaking

The process of creating meaningful public spaces that foster community interaction and a sense of belonging.

Polyglot

A person or community that speaks multiple languages fluently.

Polytheistic Religion

A religion that believes in the existence of multiple gods.

Popular Culture

The culture of mass media, entertainment, and consumer goods that is widespread.

Postmodern Architecture

A style of architecture that emerged as a reaction to modernism, emphasizing diversity and ornamentation.

Proselytic Religion

A religion that seeks to convert people to its faith.

Race

A socially constructed category based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

Religion

A set of beliefs and practices regarding the divine and sacred.

Sacred Spaces

Locations that hold special significance for a religious group.

Secular

Non-religious or not connected to a particular religion.

Secularization

The process by which religion loses influence in society.

Sense of Place

The emotional attachment and meaning that people associate with a specific location.

Sequent Occupance

The idea that different cultural groups leave their imprint on a place over time.

Subculture

A group within a larger culture that shares distinct values, beliefs, or behaviors.

Syncretic Religion

A religion that blends elements of different belief systems.

Syncretism

The merging or blending of different cultural or religious traditions into a new form.

Time-Space Convergence

The process by which technological advancements reduce the perceived distance between places.

Toponyms

Place names that provide insight into cultural characteristics of a location.

Transculturation

The exchange and blending of cultural traits between different groups.