apush 1.5-1.6 definitions

Divergent Worldviews

The different cultural perspectives of Europeans and Native Americans that led to misunderstandings, conflicts, and cultural exchanges during early contact.

European metal tools

Tools introduced by Europeans that Native American societies adopted and used.

Maize

A Native American crop, also known as corn, that was introduced to Europeans.

Tobacco

A Native American crop that was introduced to European settlers.

Native American Resistance

The efforts of Native American communities to defend their land, sovereignty, culture, and way of life from European colonization.

Diplomatic negotiations and alliances

Strategies Native American groups used to resist European expansion by forming agreements and alliances.

Military resistance

The use of warfare by Native American groups to defend their lands and people from European colonization.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

A successful Native American uprising in which the Pueblo people expelled Spanish colonists from New Mexico for a period of time.

European Debates and Justifications

Debates among European religious and political leaders over the treatment, colonization, and subjugation of Native Americans and Africans.

Valladolid Debate

A 1550–1551 debate in Spain over the treatment of Native Americans, including whether Spanish colonization and harsh treatment could be justified.

Bartolomé de las Casas

A Spanish priest who argued against the harsh treatment of Native Americans and advocated for more humane treatment and conversion to Christianity.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

A Spanish scholar who defended the harsh treatment and conquest of Native Americans based on claims of cultural superiority.

Caste system

A social hierarchy in Spanish colonies that categorized people based on their racial and ethnic heritage and controlled their social status and access to power.

Peninsulares

People of Spanish descent who were born in Spain; they held the highest social status in the Spanish colonies.

Criollos

People of Spanish descent who were born in the Americas; they had high social status but ranked below peninsulares.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Mulattoes

People of mixed European and African ancestry.

Exploited labor

The unfair use of workers by making them work for little or no pay while benefiting those in power.

Resources

Natural materials, such as gold, silver, land, timber, or crops, that people use to make goods or earn wealth.

Rigid social hierarchy

A strict system that ranks people into social classes with little opportunity to move to a higher class

Ecomienda system

A Spanish labor system that gave colonists the right to demand labor and tribute from Native Americans in exchange for protection and Christian teaching.

Potosi, Bolivia

A city famous for its rich silver mines, where many Native Americans were forced to work under extremely harsh conditions.

Enslaved Africans

Africans who were captured or sold and forced to work without freedom, mainly on plantations and in mines

West African groups

Kingdoms and communities in West Africa; some participated in the capture and sale of enslaved people to European traders.

Transatlantic slave trade

The forced transportation of millions of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas to work on plantations and in mines.