Male and Female Reproductive System Study Guide

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Flashcards covering the key vocabulary terms for the male and female reproductive systems, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, hormonal regulation, and related clinical correlations.

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24 Terms

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Testes (male)

Primary sex organ in males; produces gametes and secretes sex hormones like testosterone.

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Ovaries (female)

Primary sex organ in females; produces gametes and secretes sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

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Testosterone

Male sex hormone produced in the testes; crucial for spermatogenesis and male secondary sexual characteristics.

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Estrogen

Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries; essential for the menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual characteristics.

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Progesterone

Female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum; maintains the endometrium during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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Seminiferous tubules

Tightly coiled tubes in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs; contain spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.

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Sertoli cells

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish developing sperm cells; stimulated by FSH.

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Leydig cells

Cells located between the seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone; stimulated by LH.

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GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates Sertoli cells in males and follicle development in females.

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LH

Luteinizing hormone; stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone in males and ovulation in females.

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Oogenesis

The process of egg production in the ovaries; begins prenatally and arrests until puberty.

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Ovarian follicles

Structures in the ovary containing developing oocytes; range from primordial to Graafian follicles.

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Corpus luteum

Glandular structure that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estrogen.

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Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus; consists of functional and basal layers.

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Menstrual Cycle

The recurring cycle of changes in the uterus; including menstrual, proliferative, ovulation and secretory phases.

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Acrosomal reaction

The process in which enzymes are released to penetrate the oocyte.

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Zygote

The single-celled diploid cell that results from fertilization.

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Morula

A solid ball of cells, early embryonic stage after fertilization.

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Blastocyst

A hollow ball of cells, an early stage of embryonic development.

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Implantation

The process by which the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium.

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PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome; a hormonal imbalance that can cause ovarian cysts.

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Endometriosis

A condition in which endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus.