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Flashcards covering the key vocabulary terms for the male and female reproductive systems, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, hormonal regulation, and related clinical correlations.
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Testes (male)
Primary sex organ in males; produces gametes and secretes sex hormones like testosterone.
Ovaries (female)
Primary sex organ in females; produces gametes and secretes sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Testosterone
Male sex hormone produced in the testes; crucial for spermatogenesis and male secondary sexual characteristics.
Estrogen
Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries; essential for the menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual characteristics.
Progesterone
Female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum; maintains the endometrium during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Seminiferous tubules
Tightly coiled tubes in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs; contain spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells
Cells in the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish developing sperm cells; stimulated by FSH.
Leydig cells
Cells located between the seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone; stimulated by LH.
GnRH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates Sertoli cells in males and follicle development in females.
LH
Luteinizing hormone; stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone in males and ovulation in females.
Oogenesis
The process of egg production in the ovaries; begins prenatally and arrests until puberty.
Ovarian follicles
Structures in the ovary containing developing oocytes; range from primordial to Graafian follicles.
Corpus luteum
Glandular structure that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estrogen.
Endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus; consists of functional and basal layers.
Menstrual Cycle
The recurring cycle of changes in the uterus; including menstrual, proliferative, ovulation and secretory phases.
Acrosomal reaction
The process in which enzymes are released to penetrate the oocyte.
Zygote
The single-celled diploid cell that results from fertilization.
Morula
A solid ball of cells, early embryonic stage after fertilization.
Blastocyst
A hollow ball of cells, an early stage of embryonic development.
Implantation
The process by which the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium.
PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome; a hormonal imbalance that can cause ovarian cysts.
Endometriosis
A condition in which endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus.