MSK and Immune Conditions

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated from lecture notes covering musculoskeletal conditions, bone tumors, bursitis, gout, infectious arthritis, metabolic bone disease, and inflammatory immune conditions.

Latent bone lesions

Asymptomatic, incidental benign bone lesions (such as nonossifying fibromas, osteochondromas, and enchondromas) that require no workup and are managed observationally with follow-up X-rays to ensure no growth.

Active bone lesions

Benign bone lesions (such as chondromyxoid fibroma and fibrous dysplasia) that grow over time, can invade and weaken bone, and cause mild increasing pain with minimal loss of function.

Aggressive bone lesions

Bone lesions (such as aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor of bone, and chondroblastoma) that have potential for metastasis and present with increasing pain and palpable masses.

Lodwick classification 2-3

A classification rating for bone lesions that indicates they are usually malignant.

Osteoid osteoma

A benign bone lesion presenting with an insidious onset of severe pain that is completely relieved by NSAIDs.

Fallen leaf sign

A radiographic finding showing a small piece of broken bone resting at the bottom of a fluid-filled hole.

Onion skin appearance

A radiographic layering pattern that suggests Ewing sarcoma.

Zoledronic Acid

The most commonly used medication in the management of bone metastasis.

Ewing Sarcoma

A round cell sarcoma that is the second most common malignancy in children, presenting with insidious and progressive pain, a palpable mass, and systemic symptoms.

Chordomas

Slow-growing tumors where patients commonly present with low back pain for months or years.

Adamantinoma

A rare, low-grade malignant tumor presenting with atraumatic tibia pain and swelling.

Non-ossifying Fibroma

A common benign bone lesion found in skeletally immature patients that is asymptomatic and often discovered incidentally.

Simple bone cyst

A large cystic lesion in long bones containing serous or serosanguinous fluid.

Aneurysmal bone cyst

A large cystic lesion in long bones that is filled with blood.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa, which is the sac holding synovial fluid.

Subacromial bursitis

The most common type of shoulder bursitis.

Bulge sign

A diagnostic test for knee joint effusion where pressing on the medial side of the knee and moving fluid produces a visible bulge.

Classic triad of gonococcal arthritis

A clinical triad consisting of dermatitis, tenosynovitis, and migratory polyarthritis.

Paget Disease

The second most common metabolic bone disease in older adults, characterized by rapid localized breakdown of bone producing mechanically weak, highly vascular bones prone to deformity and fractures.

Cotton wool pattern

A classic mixed sclerotic-lytic radiographic pattern seen on X-rays in patients with Paget disease.

Osteoarthritis

A progressive degenerative joint process characterized by the degeneration of hyaline cartilage, joint space loss, and cartilage thickening and sclerosis.

Acute osteomyelitis

An infection involving bone resulting from hematogenous seeding, direct contiguous spread, or trauma, presenting as an illness lasting less than $2\,\text{weeks}$.

Chronic osteomyelitis

An infection involving bone lasting longer than $3\,\text{months}$, characterized by draining sinuses, poorly healing skin ulcers, or failure of a previous fracture to heal.

Sickness behavior

A systemic response characterized by fatigue, depressive behavior, anhedonia, psychomotor slowing, anorexia, circadian alterations in sleep patterns, and increased sensitivity to pain.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

A treatable chronic systemic inflammatory condition seen in older adults, characterized by diffuse aching and stiffness of the shoulder girdle, neck, and pelvic girdle with elevated ESR and CRP.

Giant Cell Arteritis

A systemic vasculitis primarily involving large and medium-sized blood vessels, characterized histologically by intimal hyperplasia, luminal occlusion, and mononuclear infiltrates or granulomas with multinucleated giant cells.

Raynaud Phenomenon

Symmetric transient vascular events involving constriction of blood vessels that decreases blood flow to the extremities, presenting with pallor, cyanosis, and hyperemia of reflow.

Rheumatoid arthritis

A disease characterized by symmetric inflammatory polyarthritis targeting the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints, causing joint degradation and extraarticular manifestations.

Chronic tophaceous gout

A stage of gout developing after $10+\text{ years}$ of disease, characterized by firm swellings at any site and destructive arthritis.

Allopurinol

The strongly recommended first-line urate-lowering therapy (ULT) started at a dose of $\le 100\,\text{mg}$ daily ($\le 50\,\text{mg}$ daily for CKD patients) and titrated until serum uric acid level is $< 6\,\text{mg/dL}$.

Classic triad of Reactive Arthritis

A clinical triad consisting of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis.