Cell specialisation and tissues flashcards

What is cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is the biological process where a less specialised cell becomes a more specialised cell type.

Why is cell differentiation crucial for multicellular organisms?

It allows cells to take on unique functions that support the organism as a whole.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to various specialised cell types.

What are the two main types of stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent) and adult stem cells (multipotent).

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier and is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.

What are tight junctions?

Specialised junctions that create a seal between adjacent epithelial cells, preventing the passage of substances.

What are the four main tissue types in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What is loose connective tissue?

Loose connective tissue supports and binds to other tissues with a flexible matrix.

How does skeletal muscle differ from cardiac muscle?

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, while cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated.

What components make up nervous tissue?

Nervous tissue consists primarily of neurones and glial cells.

What is the function of glial cells?

Glial cells support and protect the neurones and help maintain homeostasis.

How does cancer relate to cellular dysfunction?

Cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth where cells lose their specialization and proliferate uncontrollably.

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

Connective tissue provides support and structure throughout the body.

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts.

What types of cells are found in blood?

Blood, classified as connective tissue, contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

What unique structures do neurones possess?

Neurones have dendrites for receiving signals and axons for transmitting signals away from the cell body.

What is the impact of tumours in relation to cancer?

Tumours can invade nearby tissues and metastasize, causing further health issues.

What is a key characteristic of muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement throughout the body.

How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in appearance?

Skeletal muscle is striated, cardiac muscle is also striated with branching fibers, and smooth muscle is non-striated.

What role does the basement membrane play in epithelial tissue?

The basement membrane provides support and anchorage for the epithelial layer, and regulates molecule movement between tissue types.