Chapter 2 - 3 | CHAD

Morality

A system of rules, principles, or standards that guides human actions and helps determine what is right and wrong. It acts as a compass for human behavior, keeping societies stable and relationships respectful.

Ethics / Moral Philosophy

The systematic philosophical study of the moral domain. It asks why something is right or wrong.

Descriptive Morality

The perspective of morality that describes what people actually believe and practice regarding right and wrong.

Normative Morality

Focuses on what people ought to do—an ideal moral code for all rational beings

Moral Theory

A framework that introduces rationality and rigor into moral deliberation and helps people understand, evaluate, and justify moral choices.

Moral Decision Making

The process of choosing actions that are right and justifiable by applying moral principles, considering facts, and reflecting on effects on others.

Moral Code

A set of rules, standards, or norms used by a group or society to determine proper behavior.

Moral Standard

The basis or measure used to judge whether human actions are good or bad, right or wrong.

Honesty

The moral principle concerned with telling the truth and avoiding deception.

Respect

The moral principle concerned with treating others with dignity and fairness.

Justice

The moral principle concerned with giving each person their due and treating people fairly.

Responsibility

The moral principle concerned with being accountable for one's actions.

Beneficence

The moral principle concerned with doing good and helping others.

Nonmaleficence

The moral principle concerned with avoiding harm to others.

Law

A system of rules created and enforced by governments or institutions to maintain order, protect rights, and regulate behavior.

Physical Law

A type of law describing the natural order, such as gravity, rather than moral behavior.

Moral Law

A type of law consisting of principles that direct human actions.

Civil / Conventional Law

Human-made law that varies by society, such as traffic laws and taxation.

Natural Law

A universal moral law that exists independently of human rules or preferences and can be discovered through reason.

Declarative Law

A type of conventional law that restates what natural law already declares.

Determinative Law

A type of conventional law that specifies how people should act in accordance with natural law.

Penal Code

A set of laws that defines crimes and prescribes punishments for those who commit them.

Retributive

The function of punishment in which an offender "pays" for the wrong committed.

Corrective

The function of punishment that aims to improve or reform an offender's behavior.

Deterrent

The function of punishment that discourages offenders and society from committing similar crimes.

Consequentialism

The ethical theory that judges an action according to its consequences or outcomes.

Egoism

The consequentialist view that an action is right when it benefits the individual.

Utilitarianism

The consequentialist theory that an action is right when it benefits the greatest number of people.

Act Utilitarianism

The form of utilitarianism that judges each individual action by the happiness it creates.

Rule Utilitarianism

The form of utilitarianism that follows rules that generally produce the greatest happiness.

Altruism

The consequentialist view that an action is right when it benefits others, even at a cost to the person performing the action.

Deontology

The ethical theory that focuses on duty, rules, and intentions rather than consequences.

Hedonism

The ethical theory that considers pleasure the highest good and ultimate goal of life.

Psychological Hedonism

The form of hedonism claiming that humans naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Ethical Hedonism

The form of hedonism claiming that people ought to seek pleasure because it is morally good.

Emotivism

The ethical theory stating that moral statements express feelings or emotions rather than objective facts.

Kantianism

The ethical theory developed by Immanuel Kant that emphasizes universal moral laws, reason, duty, and respect for persons.

Duty-Based Ethics

Actions are moral when done out of duty, not just personal gain or feelings

Categorical Imperative

Kant's principle requiring a person to act only according to a rule that they could will to become a universal law.

Relativism

The ethical view that there are no universal moral norms and that right and wrong depend on society, culture, or the individual.

Human Nature

The inherent qualities, capacities, and tendencies possessed by human beings that enable them to live well and pursue happiness.

Reasoning

The process of thinking logically to reach a conclusion.

Ethical Reasoning

The process of applying moral principles and ethical theories to determine what is right or wrong.

Code of Ethics

A set of principles, rules, or guidelines that members of a group, profession, or organization are expected to follow.

Principles

Broad guidelines for behavior that can form part of a code of ethics.

Public Policies

Statements describing acceptable norms and practices within a code of ethics.

Codes of Conduct

Specific "do's and don'ts" that members of an organization or profession are expected to follow.

Legal Instruments

Rules enforced through courts or disciplinary bodies as a form of code of ethics.

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

The organization represented by the abbreviation ACM that created the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct discussed in the lecture.

General Moral Imperatives

The ACM section containing eight broad moral principles for computing professionals.

More Specific Professional Responsibilities

The ACM section containing eight more specific duties and responsibilities of computing professionals.

Organizational Leadership Imperatives

The ACM section containing six guidelines concerning ethical organizational leadership.

TRUE

Morality provides standards that help people judge human actions as right or wrong.

FALSE

Moral principles exist only within religious systems.

TRUE

Descriptive morality focuses on what people actually believe and practice regarding right and wrong.

TRUE

Normative morality focuses on what people ought to do.

FALSE

Moral theories help people make decisions based only on emotions rather than reason.

TRUE

Moral decision-making considers how a decision affects the people involved.

FALSE

Primary moral principles are more specific applications of general moral rules.

TRUE

Moral codes can vary across cultures, religions, and different periods of history.

TRUE

A moral standard provides a basis for judging whether an action is good or bad.

TRUE

Unlike morality, laws are generally enforced externally by authorities.

FALSE

Natural law is created by governments and can change whenever legislation changes.

TRUE

Conventional law is created by humans and may vary between societies.

TRUE

A penal code defines crimes and prescribes punishments for those who commit them.

FALSE

Deontology judges actions primarily by their consequences rather than duties, rules, or intentions.

TRUE

Ethical reasoning involves applying moral principles and ethical theories to determine what is right or wrong.