bio animal phylogeny/diversity

cleavage

cells dividing within a zygote

blastula

hollow center after zygote division

gastrula

stage where future digestive cavity is formed

blastopore

opening (either anus or mouth) into the gut cavity in gastrula stage

name 3 germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

diploblast

2 germ layers, animals with radial symmetry

triploblast

3 germ layers, animals with bilateral symmetry

incomplete metamorphosis

young resemble adults

complete metamorphosis

one or more larval stages

hox genes (homoeotic)

controls development and body plan of all animals

Asymmetrical what animals?

no pattern or symmetry sponges

radial symmetry what animals?

multiple planes of symmetry corals, urchins, sea stars

bilateral symmetry what animals?

mirror left and right sides mammals, fish

coelom

body cavity lined with mesoderm

acoelomate

no body cavity

coelomate

true body cavity

pseudocoelomate

false body cavity

protostomes

mouth then anus develops

deuterostomes

anus then mouth develops

blastomere

cells that divide from original egg cell

metazoa

animal phyla

eumetazoa and its animals

true animals with differentiated tissue chordates, echinoderms, ecdysozoans, lophotrochozoans, cnidarians, ctenophores

parazoa and its animals

animals with no differentiated tissue sponges

ecdysozoa and animals that experience it

exoskeleton molting nematodes and arthropods

lophotrochozoa

having 2 structural features trochophore (larval stage) and lophophore (feeding structure)

presence and evolution of animals

ediacaran period 635

organogenisis

development of organs

fusiform and its pros

tubular shaped body tapered at both ends reduce drag so allows swimming at high speeds

endotherm

warm blooded animal and maintain own body temperature

ectotherm

cold blooded animals and depend on environment

BMR

basal metabolic rate calories needed to maintain weight

BMI

basal metabolic index

torpor

decrease in activity and metabolism to conserve energy in harsh conditions

hibernation

reduced body temperature during winter months

estivation

torpor during summer months with high temperatures and little water

name the body planes

sagittal, midsagittal, frontal, transverse, proximal, distal

sagittal

divides body into left and right planes

midsagittal

vertical plane that is exactly in the middle

frontal (coronal)

front and back plane

transverse (horizontal)

upper and low plane

proximal

closest to torso

distal

away from torso

dorsal

back side

dorsal cavity

cranial and spinal cavities

ventral

underside / belly region

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity that contains pleural cavity, pericardial, abdominopelvic

epithelial tissue

tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities is either simple or stratified

lumen

channel within a tube

squamous cells and where it is

cells that are round, flat, irregular shape with small central nucleus can be in lungs, intestines, blood capillaries

cuboidal cells and where it is

cube shaped with central nucleus glandular material, walls of tubules, ducts of kidneys and liver

columnar cells and where it is

taller then they are wide, single layered with nucleus at base digestive tract

epithelial tissue cell types

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

transitional cells and where it is

appear only in the urinary system, primarily in bladder and ureter

connective tissue

made up of living cells and ground substance fibroblast is the main cell

ground substance

made of protein and inorganic substance usually mineral or water

fibroblasts

can move, carry out mitosis, and make whatever tissue is needed

connective tissue types

areolar, adipose, fibrous, cartilage, blood, osseous

areolar tissue

tough but flexible tissue found in blood vessels and most organs

fibrous tissue

collagen fibers regularly are found in tendons and ligaments irregularly found in places like the skin

cartilage

hyaline cushions bones in joints (nose and end of long bones) elastic gives flexibility (ears, larynx) fibrocartilage are intervertebral discs

osseous

organic matrix (strength, flex) and inorganic material (hardness) bone cells are osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts compact bone in shaft of long bones spongy bones found in end of long bones

adipose

made up of adipocytes that store fat insulation and cushioning for organs

blood

bring nutrients and remove waste RBC (erythrocytes) and WBC (leukocytes) WBC has lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocyte, eosinophils, and basophils

lymphocytes

immune response

neutrophils

phagocytosis, early defense

monocyte

eat dead cells

eosinophils and basophils

inflammatory response

muscle tissue

contain actin and myosin smooth, skeletal, cardiac

smooth muscle tissue

no striation, involuntary, organs that usually "float" around (digestive system, urinary system)

skeletal muscle tissue

striations, voluntary, move bones

cardiac muscle tissue

striations, only in heart, involuntary, influenced by nervous system through intercalated disc

intercalated disc

pass electrical signals between cells of heart to control beat of heart

nervous tissues

neuron, dendrites, axons, glial cells

neuron tissue

main cell of nervous system

dendrites

receive impusles

axons

transmit impusles

glial cells

astrocyte regulates chemical environment oligodendrocyte helps insulate axon

homeostasis being maintained

relationship between positive and negative feedback loops help the body with homeostasis

negative feedback loops

changing the stimulus from what it originally was doing (like if going backwards it will make you go forwards)

positive feedback loop

maintaining direction of stimulus (increasing)

thermoregulation

the maintenance of body temperature caused by nervous system vasodilation and vasoconstriction

vasodilation

sweating when too hot

vasoconstriction

shivering when cold

invertebrate superphyla

ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, radiata, deuterostomia, bilateria, PVC

deuterostomia

echinoderms and chordates

invertebrate phyla

porifera, cnidaria, platyhelmintha, nematoda, annelida, mollusca echinodermata, chordata and arthropoda

porifera

sponges

cnidaria

have specialized stinging cells classes scyphozoaa, anthozoa, hydrozoa, cubozoa

platyhelminthes

flatworms acoelomates, triploblastic, parasitic classes turbellaria, monogeneam trematoda, cestoda

nematoda

unsegmented worms, complete digestive tract, monoecious or dioecious, in intestines

arthropoda

segmented bodies with appendages, largest phylum, true coelomates, have head, thorax, cephalothorax, and abdomen, open circulatory, chitin exoskeleton subphylas trilobitomorpha, hexapoda, myriapoda, crustacea, chelicerata

mollusca

soft, usually have shells head and foot classes aplacophora, monoplacophora, polyplacophora, bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda, scaphopoda

echinodermata

marine, calcareous parts, triploblast, no brain, no heart classes asteroidea, ophiuroidea, holothuroidea, crinoidea

chordata

having notochord, gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and post anal tail tunicate sand lancelets

scyphozoa

jellyfish with medusa/polyp stages, marine

anthozoa

polyp, include anemones and corals

hydrozoa

polyp and medusa stages, sessile, man o war and fire coral

cubozoa

box jellyfish

stinging cells

cnidocytes and nematocysts

rotifera

have corona (rotating structure with cilia), filter feeder, sexual dimorphism