Psychology - Classical Conditioning: Pavlov!

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US):

brings about response without needing to be learned (food)

Unconditioned Response (UR)

response that naturally occurs without training (salivate)

Neutral Response (NS)

stimulus that normally doesn’t evoke a response (bell)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

once neutral stimulus that now brings about a response (bell)

Conditioned Response (CR)

response that, after conditioning, follows a CS (salivate)

Contiguity

Timing of the pairing, NS/CS must be presented immediately BEFORE the US

Acquisition

process of learning the response pairing

Extinction

previously conditioned response dies out over time

Spontaneous Recovery

After a period of time the CR comes back out of nowhere

Generalization

CR to like stimuli (similar sounding bell)

Discrimination

Cr to ONLY the CS

Contingency Model: Rescorla & Wagner

classical conditioning involves cognitive processes

Conditioned Taste Aversion (One-Trial Learning): John Garcia

Innate predispositions can allow classical conditioning to occur in one trial (food poisoning)

Counterconditioning: Little Albert and John Watson (father of behaviorism)

conditioned a fear in a baby (only to countercondition - remove it- later on)

Operant Conditioning

Learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by associating them with consequences

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken a behavior (cat in the puzzle box)

Positive Reinforcement

Add something nice to increase a behavior (gold star for turning in HW)

Negative Reinforcement

Take away something bad/annoying to increase a behavior (put on seatbelt to take away annoying car signal)

Positive Punishment

Add something bad to decrease a behavior (spanking)

Negative Punishment

Take away something good to decrease a behavior (take away car keys)

Primary Reinforcers

innately satisfying (food and water)

Secondary Reinforcers

everything else (stickers, high-fives)

Token Reinforcer

type of secondary- can be exchanged for other stuff (game tokens or money)

Generalization

respond to similar stimulus for reward

Discrimination

stimulus signals when behavior will or will not be reinforced (light on means response are accepted)

Extinction/Spontaneous Recovery

same as classical conditioning

Premack Principle

high probability activities reinforce low probability activities (get extra mins at recess of everyone turns in their HW)

Overjustification Effect

reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating causes you to stop doing them (give a child 5$ for when they already like to read - they stop reading)

Shaping

use successive approximations to train behavior (reward desired behaviors to teach a response - rat basketball)

Chaining

tie together several behaviors

Continuous Reinforcement schedule

Receive reward for every response

Fixed Ratio schedule

Reward every X number of response (every 10 envelopes stuffed get $$)

Fixed Interval schedule

Reward every X amount of time passed (every 2 weeks get a paycheck)

Variable schedules are most resistant to extinction

how long will you keep playing a slot machine before you think its broken?

Variable Ratio schedule

Rewarded after a random number of responses (slot machine)

Variable Interval schedule

Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed (fishing)

Modeling Behaviors

Children model (imitate) behaviors. Study used BoBo dolls to demonstrate behaviors

Prosocial

helping behaviors

Antisocial

mean behaviors

Latent learning (Tolman)

learning is hidden until useful (rats in maze get reinforce half way through, performance improved

Cognitive maps

mental representation of an area, allows navigation if blocked

Insight Learning (Kohler)

some learning is through simple intuition (chimps with crates to get bananas)

Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

no matter what you do you never get a positive outcome so you just give up (word scrambles)