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Allele
A version of a gene that are produced by a mutation.
Sex-linked traits
Characteristics that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes.
Female and Male Sex Symbols
XX-female, XY-male
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.
Homologous Chromosome
Chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and Copies of genes, although the alleles may differ.
Pathogenesis
The manner in which a disease develops.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
A phenotype is a physical or behavioral trait that an organism expresses that often involves an interaction of the environment with the genotype. The arctic fox is an example of this because their coats change to white in the winter time to help them blend in with the snow and in the summer time it turns back to brown for camouflage. The temperatures and time(photoperiod) change them by affecting the gene expression.
Dominant Alleles
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
Recessive Alleles
Alleles that show their effects only when both alleles are the same
Heterozygosity
The presence of two different alleles at a particular gene locus
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Mutation
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Mitosis
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. Interphase, PMAT, Cytokeneisis
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. Interphase, PMAT 1, Cytokinesis, PMAT 2, Cytokenesis
Binary Fusion
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Genome
The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
Pila
Acts as a trapdoor that closes the aperture of the shell when the soft part of the animal is withdrawn.
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome.
Codominance
Condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Both are expressed
Indirect heritance
When an individual's phenotype is influenced by genetic variation in conspecifics
Direct inheritance
The transmission of genes from parent to offspring
Nuclear genome
The complete set of DNA within the nucleus of any organism
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Mitochondrial genome
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA in the mitochondria.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Prokaryotes
Cells that do not contain nuclei (bacteria and archaea)
Eukaryotes
Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTISTS, FUNGI
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Incomplete dominance
A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Linked Traits
How two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together.
PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
PMAT 2
Two haploid cells with replicated chromosomes divide in half, forming four haploid cells. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase repeated
Somatic cells
Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
Chromosome
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Gametic cells
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
Diploid
An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
Tetraploid
Four sets of chromosomes
Octoploid
8 sets of chromosomes
Polygenic
Trait controlled by two or more genes
Allele frequency
Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.
Base pair probability,
Get independent probabilities. .25, .25, .25, .25. Multiply them together.
Triploid
3 sets of chromosomes
