Modern States Sociology

Auguste Comte

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist

is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information correct

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that

Auguste Comte

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist

is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information correct

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that

Empiricism and reason

Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge?

Positivism

Which of the following terms refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?

Auguste Comte

Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?

a theory

What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?

latent dysfunction of desegregation

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a

manifest functions

How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?

Latent dysfunction

Which of the following terms refers to something that has an unexpected detrimental effect on social institutions or society?

Émile Durkheim

Which of the following theorists is most associated with structural-functionalism?

functional analysis

Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?

structural functionalist

The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of

Karl Marx

Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

Conflict

Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?

conflict theory

Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?

Conflict correct

Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?

It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.

What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?

It provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected

Which of the following is true of a random sample?

A perfect negative correlation

Which of the following best describes the relationship between q and z on the scattergram above?

Survey research

Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?

experimental group

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the

It is influenced by another variable. correct

Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?

Content analysis

According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?

Field research correct

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?

I, II, and III correct

Which of the following can properly be considered norms?

I. Laws

II. Folkways

III. Mores

Culture

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

eating a sandwich for lunch

An example of a folkway in American society is

counterculture

What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?

cultural diffusion

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of

nonmaterial culture

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms?

jewelry, clothing, hairstyles correct

Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?

norms

What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?

Cultural competence

As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?

socialization

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as

throughout the life cycle

Socialization takes place

Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age.

What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938?

The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later

What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by caring adults?

girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that

the looking-glass self

Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others

impression management

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in

cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend correct

Impression management is exhibited by a college student who

Our self concept develops from interaction with others.

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

through play and imitation

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

gender socialization

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

A total institution

Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?

ascribed statuses

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's

large scale features of social life

Macrosociology tends to focus on _________________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction.

Hunting and gathering

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?

his achieved statuses

Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called?

ascribed status

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

a sick role

Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest

of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of

explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

Max Weber’s principle of verstehen was meant to

role conflict

Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as

The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another.

After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?

Federal Bureau of Investigation correct

All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the

They tend to be large in number.

All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT

mechanical solidarity

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its

an aggregate

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as

aggregate

What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?

Samantha works in a bureaucracy.

Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?

groupthink

Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?

is prone to coalition formation

A characteristic of a triad is that it

Expressive

Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case?

desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the

The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity

Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?

Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT®.

Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?

Howard Becker

Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?

It must be a rule written into law

For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?

anomie

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by

Merton's strain theory correct

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

a disclaimer

"This may sound really strange, but . . ."

The statement above is an example of

Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?

Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual.

What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?

lower, lower

Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.

Social institution

an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?

authority

What is another term for legitimate power?

rational-legal authority

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is

Industrial

Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?

goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that

central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive

What are the three essential components of socialism?

accommodation

A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of

Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.

Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?

local property taxes

Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from

a higher level of formal educational achievement

Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans have:

verbal ability correct

In general, females perform better than males do on tests of

The unintended consequences of schooling

Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?

(A) answering questions about the meaning of life

(B) providing guidelines for life

(C) emotional support

According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?

A society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values

A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?

girls and Asian Americans

In his research, George Farkas discovered that, even though they had identical test scores, some students were prone to receive better grades than others. Which students received the best grades?

A) answering questions about the meaning of life

(B) providing guidelines for life

(C) emotional support

According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?

They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.

Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?

polyandry

The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as

The incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another.

Which of the following is the best example of exogamy?

the functionalist perspective

Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family provides to society economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?

Mothers Only

In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?

serial fatherhood

Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?

African Americans and Whites

Which of the following groups have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?

decreased

The number of children that Americans consider ideal has____________ over the years.

endogamy

What is the major characteristic of the caste system that has permitted it to perpetuate itself for more than 3,000 years in India?

Status, class, power

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?