Bio 103 Final JMU Mcmullen

Is a protist eukaryotic or prokaryotic ?

eukaryotic

Are protist species unicellular or multicellular?

there are both types

Are protists motile or nonmotile?

they can be both types of motile

Where do protists live?

there are both aquatic and terrestrial species

What is a protist?

a eukaryote that is not a plant, fungus, or animal

What are examples of protists that are unicellular?

paramecium, amoeba, eugena, diatoms

What are examples of protists that are multicellular?

red and brown algae

What is the role of protists in carbon fixation?

they take carbon dioxide out of the ocean

What is Plasmopara Viticola?

a fungus like protist that causes downy mildew of grapevines

What is phytophthora?

a fungus like organism that infects avocados, onions, tomatoes, strawberries, apples, etc

most commonly known for potato famine in Ireland in mid 1800s. 

How does phytophthora work?

it results in the destruction of the tubers

How do single celled protists reproduce?

they use simple cell division(mitosis) as a form of asexual reproduction

What type of lifestyle is typically dominant for protists?

haploid dominant

What are the other, not as common, dominant lifecycle?

some have diploid dominant life cycle

some have an alternation of haploid and diploid multicellular generations

What is an example of a haploid dominant protist lifecycle?

plasmodium

What is an example of a diploid dominant protist lifecycle?

fucus(brown alga)

What is an example of a protist that alternates generations for the lifecycle?

laminaria(brown alga)

What is the closest related organism to fungi?

animals

What are some similarities between fungi and some animals?

dna sequence data, chitlin, and flagella

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

eukaryotic

What cell type do fungi possess?

unicellular and multicellular species

Are fungi motile or nonmotile?

there are some species that are motile and nonmotile

Where do fungi live?

they are typically terrestrial, meaning they live on land

What is the role of the hyphae/mycellium?

they are filaments that secrete digestive enzymes that then absorb the nutrients extracellularly

What does monokaryotic mean?

an organism with one nucleus

What does eukaryotic mean?

an organism with two nuclei

What is a heterokaryotic?

a eukaryotic cell that has two different nuclei

What is a homokaryotic?

a dikaryotic cell that has two of the same nuclei

What is plasmogamy?

the fusion of phyla from two different fungi

What is karyogamy?

the fusion of nuclei

Are animals eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

eukaryotic

Are animals unicellular or multicellular?

multicellular

What does organoheteroptrophic mean?

an organism that ingests food, which is a characteristic of of the animal domain 

Do animals have cell walls?

no, that is only a characteristic of plants

Where do most zoologists believe animals came from?

they evolved from a single celled protist

What is the colonial hypothesis?

flagellated protists that were colonial but eventually built a dependence on each other until they became multicellular

What are choanoflagellates?

protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

they may have evolved into first sponge(theory)

What are the two major sponge cell types?

chonacytes(feeding cells) and ameobocytes(skeletal structures and support)

What is intracellular digestion?

digestion that takes place inside the cell

ex. food particles

What is extracellular digestion?

digestion that takes place outside of the cell

What are the two types of cells in animals?

germ line cells and somatic line cells

What are germ line cells?

cells that give rise to gametes such as egg and sperm cells

What are somatic line cells?

all other cells that are not reproductive cells

Are fungi cells diploid or haploid dominant?

diploid dominant

What are dioecious organisms?

organisms that have both male and female reproductive organs

What are examples of dioecious species?

cnidaria(jellyfish), nematoda(roundworms), mollusca(squid), arthropoda(insects), echinodermata(sea stars), chordata(vertebrates)

What are monoecious organisms?

organisms that are able to self fertilize and cross fertilize

What are examples of monoecious species?

porifera(sponges), platytheminthes(flatworms), annelida(earthworms), mollusca(clams)

What is the lifecycle of a Sponge?

-monoecious
-sperm released
-same individual make eggs and retains them
-sperm enters sponge to unite with eggs

How does external fertilization work?

lots of eggs and sperm shed, lots of zygotes are produced because it is likely most won’t survive, the reproductive structures are less sophisticated

How does internal fertilization work?

eggs fertilized inside females body, few zygotes needed b/c rate of survival is higher, more sophisticated reproductive structures

What is direct development?

from egg to juvenile with no larval stage

ex. would be human, deer, etc

What is indirect development?

the development of a juvenile animal into an adult without passing through intervening larval stages

ex. butterfly forms from a caterpillar and has a larval stage in-between. 

What is complete digestion?

digestion using both mouth and anus. it passes through the body

What is incomplete digestion?

only one opening, does not pass through body

What is a diploblastic organism?

an organism that develops from two different germ layers

ectoderm (skin, nervous system)

endoderm (gut lining, internal organs)

What is a triploblastic organism?

an organism that develops from three different germ layers

ectoderm (skin, nervous system)

endoderm (gut lining, internal organs)

mesoderm (muscle, circulatory, and skeletal cells)

What are characteristics that all animals except sponges have?

tissues, symmetric body, extracellular digestion, nerves

What is oogamy?

type of sexual reproduction with 2 games that are not the same

one is large, non motile(egg), and small and motile(sperm)

What is anisogamy?

type of sexual reproduction with 2 games that different in size or form

one large gamete(typically female)

one small gamete(typically male)

What is isogamy?

type of sexual reproduction with 2 games that are identical '

gametes are same in size and appearance, usually both motile, no distinct male or female.

What do spores always develop into?

gametophytes

In animals with diploid dominant reproduction, what are their gametes?

there gametes are the only haploid cells produced during gametic meiosis

In animals with haploid dominant reproduction, what are their gametes?

their gamete is a zygote which is the only diploid cell during zygotic meiosis

The two major sponge cell types are?

chonacytes(feeding cells)

ameobocytes(form skeletal structures and support)

What is cephalization?

the evolutionary development of a head region where sensory organs and nervous tissue become concentrated

What is a coelom?

a fluid filled body cavity that forms with the mesoderm of triploblastic animals

it surrounds and cushions the internal organs

What is a protostome?

an animal that develops in a way causing the blastopore(the first opening that forms during early development) becomes the mouth

What is a deutorostome?

an animal in which the blastopore becomes the anus

What is the process of ecdysis?

\the biological process of shedding or molting out covering(exoskeleton or cuticle) to allow growth to occur 

What is a lophotrochozoa?

a subgroup of protostomes

characterized by lack of exoskeleton

What is a ecdsozoa?

subgroup of protostomes

characterized by periodic molting of their exoskeleton(ecdysis process)

What are characteristics of the phylum arthropoda?

segmented bodies that allow for flexibility

ex. spiders, scorpions, centipedes 

What are characteristics of the phylum nematoda?

unsegmented bodies that are free living, microscopic, very abundant in soil

ex. round worms

What are characteristics of the phylum annelida?

segmented both internally and externally with complete digestive track

ex. earthworms

What are characteristics of the phylum Mollusca?

thick epidermal mantle(sometimes a shell) and large muscular foot(tentacle in some)

subgroup cephalopoda: squid, octopus, nautilus

subgroup gastropoda: snails, slugs, nudibranchs

subgroup bivalve: clams, mussels, scallop

What are characteristics of the phylum platyhelmi?

found in water/damp soil, some free living, some parasitic(tapeworms), incomplete digestive tract, no respiratory or circulatory organs

ex. flatworms, tapeworms

What are characteristics of the phylum echnidodermata?

water vascular system, radial symmetry as adults and bilateral symmetry as larvae, no respiratory or circulatory organs

ex. sea star, sea urchin, sea lily

What are characteristics of the phylum chordata?

vertebrates, during development have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post anal tail, amniotic egg in some species

ex. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

subgroup monotreme: echidna and platypus(they lay eggs)