Chemistry - Good Luck!

Fractional Distillation

Crude oil is firstly vapourised by heating

Then passed into the fractionating column which is hotter at the bottom than the top.

The hydrocarbons in the crude oil condense and cool as they rise.

The hydrocarbons separate because they have different boiling points.

The smaller the carbon chain the smaller the force of attraction, therefore causing it to rise higher.

enthalpy change

the difference in energy between the reactants and the products

To produce O2

2H2O --> O2 + 4H(+) + 4e-

To produce H2

2H2O + 2e- -->H2 + 2OH-

Concentration

The higher the concentration of a substance the faster the rate of reaction, since there are more particles per unit volume to collide with each other, therefore creating more successful collisions per second.

Temperature

The higher the temperature the faster the rate since, the particles gain more kinetic energy, which also increases the probability of particles exceeding the activation energy. Particles move faster causing them to collide more frequently, creating more successful collisions per second.

Surface Area

The larger the surface area the faster the rate since there is more area of the substance to collide with, therefore increasing the number of successful collisions per second.

Catalyst

The more/better the catalyst the faster the reaction, since it provides an easier alternate route for the particles, which lowers the activation energy, therefore creating more successful collisions per second.