sanitation -> yellow fever

What contributed to the need for better sanitation practices?

Population increase in Britain

Who argued in a famous report that the British government would save
money by abandoning laissez-faire and investing in sanitation?

Chadwick

what was the centuries-long process by which land was transferred from the Church and from communities to private individuals, contributing to the population increase in Britain in the 1800s/shift in the agricultural productivity, land ownership, landscape, roads, class divisions, etc.?

Enclosure

"the Saint" who worked to abolish the slave trade, improve working conditions, abolish vivisections

Wilberforce

what happened in Ireland in the 1840s-1850s that caused population decrease?

Irish Potato Famine

what caused Irish Potato Famine?

Phytophthora infestans

what made conditions miserable for the working class, creating houses for the poor to do grueling, meaningless work?

New Poor Law of 1834

who wrote "An Essay on Population" and believed in "free market" ideology such as laissez faire, that as populations grow exponentially and surpass the available resources, natural mechanisms like famine, disease, and war would "check" population growth?

Malthus

who believed that government programs that provided assistance to the poor would encourage more births?

Malthus

used statistics, believed poverty caused disease, disease caused poverty

Sanitarians

famous Sanitarian

Chadwick

"all smell is, if it be intense, immediate acute disease"

miasmatism

the idea that something is out there that causes specific disease/pathologies
not just imbalance of humors anymore but not yet germ theory

disease specificity

founder of modern nursing, accomplished a lot in the Crimean War, founded pavillion wards to avoid transmission of infections

florence nightingale

origins of cholera

Ganges Delta in India

when did cholera spread globally

early 19th century

what is cholera caused by

Vibrio cholerae bacteria

who was first to discover bacterium that causes cholera by looking at it under microscope?

Pacini

symptoms of cholera

diarrhea described as "rice water", dehydration, cramps, flesh shrinks and darkens, rapid course- death in one day

what was happening in London in the 1840s

cesspools were created that collected human waste and cleaned by "night soil men" every 6 months, eventually turned "the Thames into a great cesspool instead of each person having one of his own"

what caused spread of cholera globally?

british colonization of India + commerce

how is cholera transmitted?

contaminated water + food

English civil engineer that created sewage system that helped wipe out cholera

Bazalgette

"spreads at exactly the rate people travel" aka was spread by something to do with contact between people (implying not miasma, not in the soil)

cholera

theory that cholera and other diseases was spread by contaminated soil + groundwater

telluric theory of disease

first figured out how cholera was spread by mapping its incidence relative to the Broad Street Pump

John Snow

what was the pump that John Snow used to figure out the spread of cholera

Broad Street Pump

what method did Snow invent to trace cholera outbreaks that is integral to epidemiology?

contact tracing

what was the event where the fumes from the hot weather and the Thames became too much to bear?

Great Stink

good statistician that read Snow's original work, didn't agree, but added the question to census "Where does your water come from?"

William Farr

500 residents of Golden Square die in five days in September 1854•
A population in same space, same elevation, same air with two different water supplies

Outbreak of 1854

water company in Outbreak of 1854 that was doing fine and was upstream of sewage

Lambeth

water company in Outbreak of 1854 that was not doing fine and was downstream of sewage

Vauxhall

how did people account for anomalies with the cholera outbreak?

people near the pump who didn't get sick worked in brewery so they just drank beer, people who were in workhouse didn't get sick bc they didn't get their water from the pump

discovered the importance of handwashing which was foundational for germ theory (not quite there yet), by using statistics, looking at medical students vs midwives with child delivery and puerperal fever before the discovery of germs
his mentor died after doing autopsy and got a laceration

Semmelweis

what school did Semmelweis conduct his research at?

Vienna Medical School / Vienna General Hospital

what was occurring in Germany at the time of Semmelweis?

"history reached its turning point and failed to turn" in 1848

why did the deaths of mothers after birth appear seasonal?

most deaths upon arrival of new medical students

origins of germ theory

miasma, contagion (plague, syphilis, smallpox), leeuwenhoek's animalcules

who solved chromatic aberration in 1826 and used staining to help people see the bacteria that not everyone could see?

Lister

who discovered that yeast was alive?

Schwann

who didn't trust Schwann's findings and ridiculed him?

Liebig

what did Liebig say?

chemicals cause putrefaction and fermentation instead of living organisms

name of Liebig's ridicule

"The Riddle of Vinous Fermentation Solved" 1839

chemistry professor that confirms Schwann
disproves spontaneous generation
vaccines to prevent displacement of disease

Pasteur

realizes heat kills harmful bacteria to prevent spoilage by heating up wine to help winemakers of Burgundy

Pasteurization

what disease did Pasteur eradicate in silkworms?

pebrine

first laboratory-developed vaccine by Pasteur

chicken cholera vaccine

what other vaccines did Pasteur invent?

anthrax and rabies

identified lots of different bacteria
haven't discovered viruses yet
figures out problem with anthrax, realizing that anthrax has a confusing life cycel
discovers bacterium produces a spore that is dangerous
rediscovers bacterium that causes tuberculosis and cholera
isolates and identifies germs of wound infections
develops agar to culture things

Koch

Quaker that believed in serving humanity, not frivolous, believed in hard work, heavily involved in intellectual pursuits
associated with the doctrine of The Antiseptic System

Lister

Koch's 1st postulate

The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

applies antiseptic for wounds and started correspondence with Pasteur
antisepsis (carbolic acid-corrosive), sprayed everywhere, caused damage to instruments, lungs, and wounds

Listerism

what disease had a historical impact on the decline of rome, the independence of america, and the lazy south?

malaria

deadliest parasite of malaria (more recently evolved)
Caused some African to evolve sickle cell hemoglobin, very high mortality rate, sickle cell is still super common even though it can also be deadly which shows how much more deadly malaria is

Plasmodium falciparum

most common parasite of malaria with low mortality rate

plasmodium vivax

zoonotic parasite of malaria from macaques

plasmodium knowlesi

parasite of malaria that evolved ability to "winter" in the liver

plasmodium vivax

preferred more developed areas
do not tolerate cold
liked to get food from people rather than animals

anopheles gambiae

discovered the malaria parasite

Laveran

Laveran's theory after he saw lesions in the victims (mosquito bites)

mosquito hypothesis

showed that mosquitos were spreading disease in 1878, elephantitis (thought mosquitos were getting disease from swamp water)

Patrick Manson

saw parasites in mosquitos and used them to infect birds

Ronald Ross

produced malaria in humans, elucidated the cycle of transmission and chemotherapy

Giovanni Grassi

solutions for malaria: medicine

quinine, chloroquine, arte misinin (alkaloids)

problems are adherence to protocol and resistance

solutions for malaria: insecticide

DDT - used in WWII, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson revealed deadliness

American epidemiologist, part of Rockefeller Foundation, directed program that eradicated malaria vector from Brazil using insecticide

Fred Soper

solutions for malaria: vaccine

compliance, resistance, problems with vaccine

why did malaria continue in global south?

Dry farming of wheat vs. rice, corn, etc.
urbanization vs. planatation agriculture
livestock vs. absence of livestock
drainage and improvements vs. sharecropping

Koch's 2nd postulate

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Koch's 3rd postulate

The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

Koch's 4th postulate

The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

what suppresses symptoms of malaria?

sickle cell anemia, they still carry parasite but have partial immunity to falciparum

vector of yellow fever

Aedes aegypti

incubation period of malaria

7-30 days

incubation period of yellow fever

3-6 days

symptoms of yellow fever

high fever, black vomitus, jaundice

mortality rate of yellow fever

50%

cause of yellow fever

virus

immunity from yellow fever?

lifetime immunity after you get it

discovered diagnostic symptom of yellow fever

Faget

treatment of yellow fever

supportive care, no treatment

who came up with the yellow fever vaccine

Max Theiler

How did yellow fever contribute to the Americas gaining their independence?

Yellow fever is endemic to Cuba so people were less susceptible to the disease. However the Spanish soldiers fighting them weren't and died in high numbers, allow Cuba to gain independence

realized characteristic lesion in capillaries, conducted 100 experiements published in leading journals but was ignored

Carlos Finlay

what did Finlay prove?

Mosquitoes transmit yellow fever, a bite can produce immunity, immunity is not distributed by race, controlling mosquitoes is bees prevention.

why was Finlay ignored?

combination of scientific, political, and personal issues

- not in Bacteriology

- experiments were not conclusive as his cases of yellow fever were not severe enough

- experimenting in Havana, people believed could be caused by something in the air

- Anglo/French/Cuban

- "feverish imaginings of the tropical mind"

- benefitted the Spanish, Cuban nationalists disregarded

- Jefferson Medical College

- strange (theory of gravity)

Ignored Finlay's work, had his own theory and believed it was a fecal disease, found his own yellow fever bacterium

Sternberg

produced 3 cases in August 1900 using Finlay's birds, one case was his own

Lazear

resisted Finlay, but Lazear's death convinces him to test Finlay's theory, included incubation period

Walter Reed

Reed's experiments

One building had no mosquitoes but filled it with fomites(blood and black vomit) and made people living in there sleep on the thing things. Nobody got sick. The second building had no fomites but lost of mosquitoes carrying yellow fever and the people living there also get sick. Since they knew that some people might die, they created consent forms for the people to do the experiment(and they bribed them).

noticed 12 days required of incubation period (theory of extrinsic incubation)

Henry Rose Carter

what disproves extrinsic incubation?

Incubation depends on temperature and humidity, and can be spread in one day in the right circumstances

what did Henry Rose Carter come up with that Walter Reed believed?

extrinsic incubation

how did yellow fever change public health?

Created national board of public health in US and started the idea of consent forms for experiments involving humans

contributed greatly to mosquito control to prevent yellow fever in Cuba and Panama

Gorgas