SBI3Ue - Unit 5.3 - Circulatory System

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List: The Three Functions of the Circulatory System

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  1. Transport nutrients

  2. Protect the body

  3. Homeostasis Maintenance

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Pump

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A muscular heart with four seperate chambers

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113 Terms

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List: The Three Functions of the Circulatory System

  1. Transport nutrients

  2. Protect the body

  3. Homeostasis Maintenance

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Pump

A muscular heart with four seperate chambers

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Blood Vessels

Highway of tubules that carry the fluid medium

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Fluid medium

The blood, which is composed of plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets

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List: The Three Main Subdivisions of the Circulator System

  1. Systematic Circulation

  2. Pulmonary Circulation

  3. Cardiac Circulation

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Systematic Circulation

The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels to the cells to deliver oxygen

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Pulmonary Circulation

The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels through the lungs to pick up oxygen

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Cardiac Circulation

The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels to the muscular tissues of the heart itself to deliver oxygen

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Septum

The wall of the heart that separates the left and right sides, preventing mixing of the blood

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Atrium

The upper chambers of the heart, sending blood to the ventricles

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Ventricle

The lower chambers of the heart, sending blood away from the heart

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Pericardium

A sac that surrounds the heart, reducing friction

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Atrioventricular Valves

Valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart.

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List: The Two Atrioventricular Valves & Where they are

  1. Tricuspid (on right)

  2. Bicuspid (on left)

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Tricuspid Valve

AV Valve with 3 flaps in between the right atrium and ventricle that opens and closes to allow blood to rush in

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Bicuspid valve

AV Valve with 2 flaps in between the left atrium and ventricle that opens and closes to allow blood to rush in

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Chordae Tendinae

Strong, fibrous cords that connect the heart AV valves to the heart muscles

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List: The Two Semilunar Valves

  1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

  2. Aortic Semilunar Valve

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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Semilunar valve that separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

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Aortic Semilunar Valve

Semilunar Valve that separates the left ventricle and the aorta

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Aorta

Largest artery in the body that sends out blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

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Systole

Phase of the heartbeat where muscles contract, pumping blood out of the chambers

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Diastole

Phase of the heartbeat where muscles relax, allowing blood to enter the chambers

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Medulla Oblongata

The center in the brain that regulates the heart rate in response to nervous stimuli (exercise, caffeine, etc)

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Sinoatrial Node

A node in the right atrium that conducts an electric pulse that spreads over both atria make them contract together.

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Atrioventricular Node

A node in between both atria that receives an electric signal from the SA nodthat causes the ventricles to contract while the atria relax

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Bundle of His

A bundle of tissue that runs down the septum towards the apex of the heart, carrying electric signals from the AV node down to the ventricles

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Purkinje Fibers

Muscle Fibers that spread throughout and deliver electric signals, causing the ventricles to contract

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Explain: The Steps of the Heart’s Electrical Pathway

  1. SA Node – Creates an electrical signal that makes the atria contract.

  2. AV Node – Receives the signal, delays it slightly to allow the atria to fully contract, then passes it on.

  3. Bundle of His – Carries the signal down the septum toward the ventricles.

  4. Purkinje Fibers – Spreads the signal through the ventricle walls, causing the ventricles to contract.

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Electrocardiogram

A device used to record the electrical activity of the heart

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Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart pumps out in one minute.

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List: Two factors that affect Cardiac Output

  1. Heart Rate

  2. Stroke Volume (amount of blood forced out of the heart with each beat)

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List: Two Factors that Affect Stroke Volume

  1. Distensibility (The blood vessel’s ability to stretch)

  2. Strength of Ventricles

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Maximum Heart Rate

Highest Heart Rate you can attain during heavy exercise which reduces as you get older

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List: Three Groups of Stimuli that affect Heart Rate

  1. Nervous

  2. Physical

  3. Chemical

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P Phase (EKG)

Atria Depolarize, allowing the electrical signal to spread through the atria

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P→Q Phase (EKG)

Atria contract, which sends blood to ventricles, while the electric signal goes to the AV node

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QRS Phase (EKG)

Ventricles Depolarize, allowing the electrical signal to spread through the ventricles

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S→T Phase (EKG)

Ventricles Contract, sending blood out of the the ventricles

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List: The Three Blood Vessels AND what they divide into

  1. Arteries —> Arterioles

  2. Veins —> Venules

  3. Capillaries —> More Capillaries

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Arteries

Blood vessels that:

  • Carry blood away from the heart

  • Have a thick layer of muscle

  • Divides into Arterioles

  • Have High Pressure

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Veins

Blood Vessels that:

  • Carry blood towards the heart

  • Have a thin layer of muscle

  • Contains valves to prevent backflow

  • Divides into Venules

  • Have Low Pressure

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Capillaries

Blood Vessels that:

  • Link arteriole & venule systems

  • Exchange materials between the blood & cells

  • Are the smallest blood vessels

  • Have sphincters that control blood flow

  • Divides into More Capillaries

  • Have Very Low Pressure

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Vasoconstriction

Process by which blood vessels narrow, increasing blood pressure

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Vasodialation

Process by which blood vessels widen, decreasing blood pressure

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Jugular Vein

Carries deoxygenated blood from the head/brain

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Carotid Artery

Carries oxygenated blood to the head/brain

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Brachial Vein/Artery

Carries blood to/from the arms

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Pulmonary Artery/Vein

Carries blood to/from the lungs

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Coronary Artery

Carries blood to the heart

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Renal Artery/Vein

Carries blood to the kidneys

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Femoral Artery/Vein

Carries blood to/from the legs

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List: Three Factors that affect Cardiovascular Fitness

  1. Diet

  2. Exercise

  3. Harmful Substances

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List: Four Factors that affect efficiency of Exercise

  1. Intensity

  2. Frequency

  3. Duration

  4. Type of Exercise

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List: The Four Parts that make up Blood

  1. Plasma

  2. RBC

  3. WBC

  4. Platelets

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List: The Eight Functions of Blood

  1. Solubility for Vitamins

  2. Antibodies to fight invaders

  3. Transport of Nutrients

  4. Hormone Transport

  5. Absorption of Nutrients in Digestive System

  6. Clotting

  7. Waste Removal

  8. Homeostasis

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Plasma

A component of blood that is 92% water, and contains proteins

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Serum

The state plasma becomes when fibrinogen is removed

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List: The Three Proteins in Plasma

  1. Albumin

  2. Globulin

  3. Fibrinogen

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Albumin

Protein in Plasma that helps maintain osmotic pressure

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Globulin

Protein in Plasma that produces antibodies

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Fibrinogen

Protein in Plasma that helps with clotting

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Red Blood Cells

A component of blood that is also called erythrocytes.

  • They are biconcave discs without a nucleus, to allow more room for hemoglobin.

  • They are produced in the bone marrow.

  • Function is to transport nutrients & O2

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White Blood Cells

A component of blood that is also called leucocytes

  • They are circular circles with large nuclei

  • Two types: Granular & Nongranular

  • Granular WBC’s are made in bone marrow, nongranular WBC’s are made in lymph tissue

  • Function is to fight infection & clean away dead cells

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Anemia

Disease that can occur if a person lacks iron to form hemoglobin

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List: Two Types of WBC’S

  1. Granular

  2. Non-granular

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List: Two Types of Nongranular WBC’S

  1. Lymphocytes

  2. Macrophages

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Lymphocytes

Non-granular WBC that produces antibodies

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Macrophages

Non-granular WBC that becomes phagocytic in tissue

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List: Three Types of Granular WBC’S

  1. Eosinophil

  2. Basophil

  3. Neutrophiles

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Eosinophils

Granular WBC that detoxifies. They have 2 lobes & red granules

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Basophils

Granular WBC that releases anticoagulants. They have 2 lobes & blue-purple granules

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Neutrophils

Granular WBC that becomes phagocytic. It has 2-5 lobes.

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Platelets

A component of blood that initiates clotting with calcium

  • They help produce fibrin fibers, which seal wounds

  • When they break open, they release thromboplastin

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Hemophilia

A sex-linked disease that results when you cannot clot

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Anticoagulant

Substance that prevents blood from clotting any further, release by basophils

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Thromboplastin

Protein released by platelets that helps start the blood clotting process.

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Calcium

Mineral that joins prothrombin to produce thrombin in blood clotting

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Prothrombin

Protein that joins calcium to produce thrombin in blood clotting

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Thrombin

Enzyme that joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin

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Fibrin

Fibrous protein that creates fibrin networks to clot blood.

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Explain: The Blood Clotting Process

  1. Platelets break open to release thromboplastin

  2. Thromboplastin causes calcium and prothrombin to unite and form thrombin

  3. Thrombin joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin

  4. A network of fibrin threads join together to form a clot

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Type A Blood

Blood type that has Type-A protein receptors and Type-B Antibodies

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Type B Blood

Blood type that has Type-B protein receptors and Type-A Antibodies

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Type AB Blood

Blood type that has Type-A & Type-B protein receptors and no antibodies, making it the universal recipient

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Type O Blood

Blood type that has no protein receptors and Type-A & Type-B Antibodies, making it the universal donor

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Agglutination

The clumping of RBC’s in the vessels that occurs during an incompatible blood transfusion

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Lymphatic System

Network of glands and vessels that drains excess fluid into the venous system, maintaining the balance of fluids in the body

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List: The Two Main Lymph Vessels

  1. Thoracic Duct

  2. Right Lymphatic Duct

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Thoracic Duct

Lymph Vessel that collects blood from most of the body (everywhere but upper right), which eventually goes to the IVC

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Right Lymphatic Duct

Lymph Vessel that collects blood from part of the body (only upper right), which leads to the SVC

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List: The Two Accesory Organs of the Lymphatic System

  1. Tonsils

  2. Spleen

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Tonsils

Accessory Organ that filters lymph and produces lymphocytes

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Spleen

Accessory organ that collects and breaks down damaged RBC’s

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Fish Breathing

Uses gills that extract the oxygen that is dissolved in water

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Frog Breathing

Air exchange occurs through their moist skin, lungs and mouth

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Lizard Breathing

Air exchange occurs through their most lungs, and they have no diaphragm

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Fish Circulation

They have one atrium and one ventricle, where blood moves from the heart to the lung bladder, which then goes to the rest of the body

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Lung Bladder

Organ in fish that stores blood pumped out from the heart

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Frog Circulaiton

They have two separate atria and one ventricle that are not separated, resulting in mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood