List: The Three Functions of the Circulatory System
Transport nutrients
Protect the body
Homeostasis Maintenance
Pump
A muscular heart with four seperate chambers
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List: The Three Functions of the Circulatory System
Transport nutrients
Protect the body
Homeostasis Maintenance
Pump
A muscular heart with four seperate chambers
Blood Vessels
Highway of tubules that carry the fluid medium
Fluid medium
The blood, which is composed of plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
List: The Three Main Subdivisions of the Circulator System
Systematic Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
Cardiac Circulation
Systematic Circulation
The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels to the cells to deliver oxygen
Pulmonary Circulation
The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels through the lungs to pick up oxygen
Cardiac Circulation
The Circulatory Subdivision in which blood travels to the muscular tissues of the heart itself to deliver oxygen
Septum
The wall of the heart that separates the left and right sides, preventing mixing of the blood
Atrium
The upper chambers of the heart, sending blood to the ventricles
Ventricle
The lower chambers of the heart, sending blood away from the heart
Pericardium
A sac that surrounds the heart, reducing friction
Atrioventricular Valves
Valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart.
List: The Two Atrioventricular Valves & Where they are
Tricuspid (on right)
Bicuspid (on left)
Tricuspid Valve
AV Valve with 3 flaps in between the right atrium and ventricle that opens and closes to allow blood to rush in
Bicuspid valve
AV Valve with 2 flaps in between the left atrium and ventricle that opens and closes to allow blood to rush in
Chordae Tendinae
Strong, fibrous cords that connect the heart AV valves to the heart muscles
List: The Two Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Semilunar valve that separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Semilunar Valve that separates the left ventricle and the aorta
Aorta
Largest artery in the body that sends out blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Systole
Phase of the heartbeat where muscles contract, pumping blood out of the chambers
Diastole
Phase of the heartbeat where muscles relax, allowing blood to enter the chambers
Medulla Oblongata
The center in the brain that regulates the heart rate in response to nervous stimuli (exercise, caffeine, etc)
Sinoatrial Node
A node in the right atrium that conducts an electric pulse that spreads over both atria make them contract together.
Atrioventricular Node
A node in between both atria that receives an electric signal from the SA nodthat causes the ventricles to contract while the atria relax
Bundle of His
A bundle of tissue that runs down the septum towards the apex of the heart, carrying electric signals from the AV node down to the ventricles
Purkinje Fibers
Muscle Fibers that spread throughout and deliver electric signals, causing the ventricles to contract
Explain: The Steps of the Heart’s Electrical Pathway
SA Node – Creates an electrical signal that makes the atria contract.
AV Node – Receives the signal, delays it slightly to allow the atria to fully contract, then passes it on.
Bundle of His – Carries the signal down the septum toward the ventricles.
Purkinje Fibers – Spreads the signal through the ventricle walls, causing the ventricles to contract.
Electrocardiogram
A device used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood the heart pumps out in one minute.
List: Two factors that affect Cardiac Output
Heart Rate
Stroke Volume (amount of blood forced out of the heart with each beat)
List: Two Factors that Affect Stroke Volume
Distensibility (The blood vessel’s ability to stretch)
Strength of Ventricles
Maximum Heart Rate
Highest Heart Rate you can attain during heavy exercise which reduces as you get older
List: Three Groups of Stimuli that affect Heart Rate
Nervous
Physical
Chemical
P Phase (EKG)
Atria Depolarize, allowing the electrical signal to spread through the atria
P→Q Phase (EKG)
Atria contract, which sends blood to ventricles, while the electric signal goes to the AV node
QRS Phase (EKG)
Ventricles Depolarize, allowing the electrical signal to spread through the ventricles
S→T Phase (EKG)
Ventricles Contract, sending blood out of the the ventricles
List: The Three Blood Vessels AND what they divide into
Arteries —> Arterioles
Veins —> Venules
Capillaries —> More Capillaries
Arteries
Blood vessels that:
Carry blood away from the heart
Have a thick layer of muscle
Divides into Arterioles
Have High Pressure
Veins
Blood Vessels that:
Carry blood towards the heart
Have a thin layer of muscle
Contains valves to prevent backflow
Divides into Venules
Have Low Pressure
Capillaries
Blood Vessels that:
Link arteriole & venule systems
Exchange materials between the blood & cells
Are the smallest blood vessels
Have sphincters that control blood flow
Divides into More Capillaries
Have Very Low Pressure
Vasoconstriction
Process by which blood vessels narrow, increasing blood pressure
Vasodialation
Process by which blood vessels widen, decreasing blood pressure
Jugular Vein
Carries deoxygenated blood from the head/brain
Carotid Artery
Carries oxygenated blood to the head/brain
Brachial Vein/Artery
Carries blood to/from the arms
Pulmonary Artery/Vein
Carries blood to/from the lungs
Coronary Artery
Carries blood to the heart
Renal Artery/Vein
Carries blood to the kidneys
Femoral Artery/Vein
Carries blood to/from the legs
List: Three Factors that affect Cardiovascular Fitness
Diet
Exercise
Harmful Substances
List: Four Factors that affect efficiency of Exercise
Intensity
Frequency
Duration
Type of Exercise
List: The Four Parts that make up Blood
Plasma
RBC
WBC
Platelets
List: The Eight Functions of Blood
Solubility for Vitamins
Antibodies to fight invaders
Transport of Nutrients
Hormone Transport
Absorption of Nutrients in Digestive System
Clotting
Waste Removal
Homeostasis
Plasma
A component of blood that is 92% water, and contains proteins
Serum
The state plasma becomes when fibrinogen is removed
List: The Three Proteins in Plasma
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Protein in Plasma that helps maintain osmotic pressure
Globulin
Protein in Plasma that produces antibodies
Fibrinogen
Protein in Plasma that helps with clotting
Red Blood Cells
A component of blood that is also called erythrocytes.
They are biconcave discs without a nucleus, to allow more room for hemoglobin.
They are produced in the bone marrow.
Function is to transport nutrients & O2
White Blood Cells
A component of blood that is also called leucocytes
They are circular circles with large nuclei
Two types: Granular & Nongranular
Granular WBC’s are made in bone marrow, nongranular WBC’s are made in lymph tissue
Function is to fight infection & clean away dead cells
Anemia
Disease that can occur if a person lacks iron to form hemoglobin
List: Two Types of WBC’S
Granular
Non-granular
List: Two Types of Nongranular WBC’S
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Non-granular WBC that produces antibodies
Macrophages
Non-granular WBC that becomes phagocytic in tissue
List: Three Types of Granular WBC’S
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophiles
Eosinophils
Granular WBC that detoxifies. They have 2 lobes & red granules
Basophils
Granular WBC that releases anticoagulants. They have 2 lobes & blue-purple granules
Neutrophils
Granular WBC that becomes phagocytic. It has 2-5 lobes.
Platelets
A component of blood that initiates clotting with calcium
They help produce fibrin fibers, which seal wounds
When they break open, they release thromboplastin
Hemophilia
A sex-linked disease that results when you cannot clot
Anticoagulant
Substance that prevents blood from clotting any further, release by basophils
Thromboplastin
Protein released by platelets that helps start the blood clotting process.
Calcium
Mineral that joins prothrombin to produce thrombin in blood clotting
Prothrombin
Protein that joins calcium to produce thrombin in blood clotting
Thrombin
Enzyme that joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin
Fibrin
Fibrous protein that creates fibrin networks to clot blood.
Explain: The Blood Clotting Process
Platelets break open to release thromboplastin
Thromboplastin causes calcium and prothrombin to unite and form thrombin
Thrombin joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin
A network of fibrin threads join together to form a clot
Type A Blood
Blood type that has Type-A protein receptors and Type-B Antibodies
Type B Blood
Blood type that has Type-B protein receptors and Type-A Antibodies
Type AB Blood
Blood type that has Type-A & Type-B protein receptors and no antibodies, making it the universal recipient
Type O Blood
Blood type that has no protein receptors and Type-A & Type-B Antibodies, making it the universal donor
Agglutination
The clumping of RBC’s in the vessels that occurs during an incompatible blood transfusion
Lymphatic System
Network of glands and vessels that drains excess fluid into the venous system, maintaining the balance of fluids in the body
List: The Two Main Lymph Vessels
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
Lymph Vessel that collects blood from most of the body (everywhere but upper right), which eventually goes to the IVC
Right Lymphatic Duct
Lymph Vessel that collects blood from part of the body (only upper right), which leads to the SVC
List: The Two Accesory Organs of the Lymphatic System
Tonsils
Spleen
Tonsils
Accessory Organ that filters lymph and produces lymphocytes
Spleen
Accessory organ that collects and breaks down damaged RBC’s
Fish Breathing
Uses gills that extract the oxygen that is dissolved in water
Frog Breathing
Air exchange occurs through their moist skin, lungs and mouth
Lizard Breathing
Air exchange occurs through their most lungs, and they have no diaphragm
Fish Circulation
They have one atrium and one ventricle, where blood moves from the heart to the lung bladder, which then goes to the rest of the body
Lung Bladder
Organ in fish that stores blood pumped out from the heart
Frog Circulaiton
They have two separate atria and one ventricle that are not separated, resulting in mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood