4.7 Preliminary Considerations and Ethical Issues (pp.49)

Given that this study involved human participants, careful ethical consideration was undertaken prior to the commencement of data collection.

鉴于本研究涉及人类参与者，在开始数据收集之前进行了仔细的伦理考量。

Ethical considerations are central to the research process, and priority was given to establishing relationships with participants that respect human dignity, integrity and trust (Simons, 2009).

伦理考量是研究过程的核心，优先考虑与参与者建立尊重人类尊严、正直和信任的关系（Simons，2009）。

Certain aspects of the study were deemed particularly sensitive, such as the collection of video data that feature the private lives of individuals, including children. In research involving children, ethical issues must be addressed throughout the entire research process, from initial planning to final publication, dissemination and practice (Alderson & Morrow, 2020).

本研究的某些方面被认为特别敏感，例如收集涉及个人（包括儿童）私生活的视频数据。在涉及儿童的研究中，伦理问题必须贯穿于从最初规划到最终出版、传播和实践的整个研究过程（Alderson & Morrow，2020）。

Consequently, the study was reviewed by the University of Bath’s Social Science Research Ethics Committee (SSREC), and ethical approval was obtained (reference number: S21-132). Throughout the study, ethical dimensions have been carefully considered in accordance with the 2011 standards of the British Educational Research Association.

因此，本研究已由巴斯大学社会科学研究伦理委员会 (SSREC) 审查，并获得了伦理批准（参考编号：S21-132）。在整个研究过程中，我们根据英国教育研究协会 2011 年的标准仔细考量了伦理层面。

The primary ethical concern of this study relates to matters of autonomy (Copland & Creese, 2016; Murphy & Dingwall, 2001).

本研究的主要伦理考量涉及自主性问题（Copland & Creese，2016；Murphy & Dingwall，2001）。

In line with SSREC regulations, participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time, without providing a reason and without any consequence, up until the point when data had been anonymised.

根据SSREC的规定，参与者被告知有权在数据匿名化之前随时退出研究，无需提供理由，也不会承担任何后果。

Research involving children requires that consent be negotiated with adults before approaching children for their assent. Here, for example, I explained the research and the tasks they would be asked to undertake, asked for their views and opinions with no right or wrong answers, and made it clear that if the children felt uncomfortable and requested to stop, I (together with their parents/guardians) would immediately postpone the data collection until a later time.

涉及儿童的研究要求在征求儿童同意之前，先与成年人协商同意。例如，我在这里解释了研究内容以及他们将被要求执行的任务，询问他们的观点和意见，答案没有对错之分，并明确表示，如果儿童感到不适并被要求停止，我（以及他们的父母/监护人）将立即将数据收集推迟到稍后的时间。

Obtaining informed consent was relatively straightforward. Prior to completing the consent form, participants received an information sheet detailing the purpose of the research, assurances that their data would remain anonymous and explanations of how the data would be used and stored.

获得知情同意相对简单。在填写同意书之前，参与者会收到一份信息表，其中详细说明了研究目的、数据匿名保证以及数据的使用和存储方式。

According to the University of Bath’s research data policy, all data must be stored securely and backed up at all times. Soft copies, such as images and transcripts, were stored on the UoB X Drive, anonymised and deleted at the earliest possible opportunity in accordance with the electronic information systems security policy.

根据巴斯大学的研究数据政策，所有数据必须安全存储并始终备份。图像和文本等软拷贝存储在UoB X Drive中，并根据电子信息系统安全政策尽快进行匿名化和删除。

I also provided my own and my supervisor’s contact details, including mobile numbers and email addresses, to facilitate further discussion about the study. The information form (Appendices 2–4) outlines the key points of the research, and the consent form (Appendices 5–8) includes details about the right to withdraw.

我还提供了我本人和导师的联系方式，包括手机号码和电子邮件地址，以便于进一步讨论研究。信息表（附录2-4）概述了研究的要点，同意书（附录5-8）包含撤回权的详细信息。

Moreover, attaining genuine informed consent from children can prove challenging (Arksey et al., 1999; Felzmann et al., 2010). I explained the purposes of the research and the nature of their voluntary participation orally to ensure that informed consent was obtained before they participated in interviews and observations.

此外，获得儿童真正的知情同意可能颇具挑战性（Arksey等人，1999；Felzmann等人，2010）。我口头解释了研究目的以及他们自愿参与的性质，以确保在他们参与访谈和观察之前获得知情同意。

Furthermore, these children were provided with a written consent form in clear and accessible language. All participants were informed that they could contact the University of Bath if they later decided that their data should be deleted.

此外，我还向这些孩子提供了一份清晰易懂的书面同意书。所有参与者都被告知，如果他们之后决定删除自己的数据，可以联系巴斯大学。

The ethical dimensions of the video and interview components of the study were more complex. Requesting that participants record daily conversations and film their private family life in their own homes might be considered intrusive.

研究中视频和访谈部分的伦理层面更为复杂。要求参与者录制日常对话并拍摄他们在自己家中的私人家庭生活可能会被视为侵犯隐私。

Therefore, during data collection, measures were implemented to minimise potential threats to the families’ privacy and sense of self-worth.

因此，在数据收集过程中，我们采取措施将对家庭隐私和自我价值感的潜在威胁降至最低。

Interviews were audio-recorded to capture participants’ actual expressions and attitudes regarding HL maintenance and development. Participants were only audio- or video-recorded to capture the details of their language interactions and HLEs.

访谈采用录音，以捕捉参与者关于HL维护和发展的真实表达和态度。对参与者进行录音或录像只是为了捕捉他们语言互动和HLE（家庭学习）的细节。

This approach allowed me to transcribe the recordings verbatim and review them repeatedly in order to capture tones and intonations, thereby gaining an understanding of the nuances of their opinions.

这种方法使我能够逐字逐句地转录录音并反复复习，以捕捉语调和语调，从而了解他们观点的细微差别。

As Curdt-Christiansen (2011) points out, no one deserves embarrassment or harm during the research process. Families deserve to feel respected, have their self-worth considered and be asked non-threatening questions when discussing their immigration, education and English learning experiences.

正如Curdt-Christiansen（2011）指出的那样，没有人应该在研究过程中感到尴尬或受到伤害。在讨论移民、教育和英语学习经历时，家庭应该感受到尊重，他们的自我价值得到重视，并被问及非威胁性的问题。

After expressing interest in the study, the participants received written information about its aims and procedures, either in person or by email. Consent forms, debrief documents and information sheets were provided in both Chinese and English (see Appendices 1–8).

在参与者表达对研究的兴趣后，我们会以当面或电子邮件的方式，向他们提供关于研究目的和程序的书面信息。同意书、汇报文件和信息表均以中英文提供（见附录1-8）。

Where children were too young to understand the content, I worked with parents to explain it in age-appropriate language. Participants who agreed to take part signed either physical or digital consent forms. For those under the age of ten, only parental consent was required, while participants aged ten and above gave their own consent alongside that of a parent or guardian.

如果孩子年龄太小，无法理解内容，我会与家长合作，用适合他们年龄的语言进行解释。同意参与的参与者签署了纸质或电子版同意书。对于10岁以下的参与者，只需获得父母同意即可；而10岁及以上的参与者则需在父母或监护人同意的前提下，自行签署同意书。

Informed consent was supported not only by documentation but also through ongoing informal conversations. Prior to this, I met with each family, whether online or in person, to answer questions and confirm their understanding.

知情同意不仅通过文件记录，还通过持续的非正式对话进行。在此之前，我会与每个家庭会面，无论是在线还是面对面，回答问题并确认他们理解。

While some responses may have been influenced by initial discussions or study materials, this form of co-construction is characteristic of qualitative research and should be viewed as a strength rather than a limitation.

虽然一些回复可能受到初步讨论或研究材料的影响，但这种共同建构的形式是定性研究的特征，应该被视为一种优势，而非局限性。