Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology

Molecule

2 or more structures bound together

Compound

Combining things to give benefits to create a molecule

Mixtures

Substances composed of 2 or more components physically intermixed

Solution

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light

Solvent

Substance present in the greatest amount

Solutes

Substances present in smaller amounts (dissolved in the solvent)

Homogenous

A uniform mixture where solute particles dissolve completely and evenly within a solvent

Colloids (emulsions)

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out, heterogenous (do not settle out)

Suspensions

Solute particles are very large, settle out, may scatter light (heterogenous)

Ionic bonds

Intermediate strength, gain or lose an electron and become charged particles, involve the transfer of valence shell electrons

Anion

Gains one or more electrons and becomes negatively charged

Cation

Loses one or more electrons and becomes positively charged

Coulomb's law

Opposites attract resulting in an ionic bond

Plasma membrane

A phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophobic core, separates in the internal and external environments

Intracellular

Inside of the cell

Extracellular

Outside of the cell

Positively charged (cations)

Sodium, potassium, calcium

Negatively charged (anions)

Chloride, proteins

Hydrophilic

Opposite of hydrophobic, ions are this because they are charged

Concentration gradient for sodium - at rest

Sodium (at rest) wants inside the cell

The concentration gradient for potassium (at rest)

Potassium (at rest) wants outside of the cell

Electrochemical Gradient

Comprised of 2 gradients, chemical and electrical

Chemical gradient

Concentration gradient (from high to low)

Electrical gradient

Opposite charges attract, because they are charged ions are affected by voltage gradients as well as their concentration gradients

Equilibrium

Equal amounts of ions on either side

Electrochemical gradients for sodium (at rest)

Sodium (at rest) wants inside the cell

Electrochemical gradients for potassium (at rest)

Potassium (at rest) wants outside the cell

Ionic concentration: sodium

Found in extracellular environment

Ionic concentration: potassium

Found in intracellular environment

Ionic concentration: calcium

Found in extracellular and intracellular environment

Ionic concentration: chloride

Mostly found in extracullular environment

Ionic concentration: proteins

Found in intracellular environment

Reactants

Number and kinds of interacting substances

Products

The chemical composition of the result of the reaction

Synthesis reactions

Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules

Ex) amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule

Decomposition reaction

Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules

Ex) glycogen is broken down to release glucose molecules

Displacement reaction

Bonds are both made and broken

Ex) ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate

Oxidation - reduction (redox) reaction

Decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy (ATP)

Exergonic reaction

Reactions result in a net release of energy (oxidation)

Endergonic reaction

Result in a net absorption of energy (theoretical)

Inorganic compounds

Water, salts , acids, bases

High heat capacity

Can absorb and release heat, no temp change

High heat of vaporization

Losing water, ex) sweat

Polar solvent properties

Oxygen negatively charged, hydrogen positively charged, where sodium goes water follows, water is a dipole

Reactivity

Add water to break something apart (hydrolysis), remove water to put things together (dehydration )

Water

60-80% living cell volume

Salts

Ionic compounds that will dissociate when added to a solvent, cations, anions, electrolytes

Acids and bases

pH , acidic, alkaline (basic )

Acid- base concentration

Lower the pH value, more acidic (more free hydrogen)

Range in which human life exists

7.35 - 7:45

Acidic scale

0-14

Buffers

Resist changes in pH

Organic compounds

Contain carbon and are made by living things. All are covelently bonded molecules, many are large

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbohydrates ex) hexose sugars

Disaccharide

Consist of 2 linked monosaccharides ex) sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

Long chains (polymers) of linked monosaccarides ex) simplified representation of glycogen

Lipids

Hydrophobic organic biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Essential for energy storage

Triglycerides

Main form of fat in the body. Made up of glycerol and a fatty acid chain

Saturated fatty acids

Solid at room temp (butter)

Unsaturated fatty acids

Plant oils (avocado, vegetable)

Trans fats

Chemically modified unsaturated fats to behave like saturated fats

Omega-3

Type of unsaturated fat, healthy

Phospholipids

Modified triglyceride, prevents things from passing through the cell

Hydrophilic end

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic end

Repel water

Steroids

cholesterol based (type of lipid)

Structural proteins

Mechanical support

Enzyme proteins

Catalysts - essential for virtually every biochemical reaction in the body

Transport proteins

Moving substances (in blood or across plasma membrane)

Contractile proteins

Movement

Communication proteins

Transmitting signals between cells

Defensive proteins

Protect against disease

Amino acids

All proteins are made up of 20 types of these, joined by covalent bonds

Fibrous (structural)

Physical support, anchor

Globular (functional)

Can open or close

Denaturation

Extreme environments disrupt protein shape and function

Enzymes

Biological catalysts, lower energy cost

ATP

Supplies immediate, usable energy to cells, Tri (three phosphate group)

Amp

Mono (one phosphate group)

ADP

Di (two phosphate groups )