T%P EoY Y10 - Not perfect

Natural Law, situtation ethics, Kantian Ethics, Utilitarianism, Euthanasia

Telos

Purpose or end goal, from Aristotle

Primary Precepts

Basic moral rules: preserve life, reproduce, educate, live in society, worship God

Telos

Purpose or end goal, from Aristotle

Primary Precepts

Basic moral rules: preserve life, reproduce, educate, live in society, worship God

Secondary Precepts

Practical rules derived from primary precepts

Real Goods

Truly moral goods that align with human purpose

Apparent Goods

Seem good but lead us away from natural purpose

Synderesis

Innate human drive to do good and avoid evil

Aquinas

Morality is fulfilling our God-given purpose through reason; follow primary precepts (natural law)

John Finnis

Developed 7 basic goods (life, play, friendship, etc.); reason-based, secular Natural Law

Hugo Grotius

Natural Law exists through reason even if God didn't

Agape

Selfless, unconditional love (central principle of moral action)

4 Working Principles

Pragmatism, Relativism, Positivism, Personalism

6 Fundamental Principles

Guidelines like 'love is the only good' and 'love justifies means'

Conscience

A process of making loving decisions, not a voice

Joseph Fletcher

Created Situation Ethics; love is the only absolute moral rule

John Robinson

Argued ethics should be based on love and personal responsibility, not dogma

William Barclay

Criticised Situation ethics as too risky and subjective and validifies any scenario

Good Will

Acting purely from moral duty

Categorical Imperative

Moral law must apply to everyone equally

Universal Law

Only act on rules that you'd want everyone to follow

Ends in Themselves

Never use people as tools; treat them with dignity

Autonomy

Morality must come from your own rational will

Immanuel Kant

Ethics is based on reason, not feelings; follow duty and universal laws (kantian ethics)

Onora O'Neill

Highlighted treating others fairly and never as mere means to an end

Utility

The usefulness or value of happiness

Act Utilitarianism

Judge each action by how much happiness it produces

Rule Utilitarianism

Follow rules that generally promote the most happiness

Preference Utilitarianism

Maximise the satisfaction of people's preferences

Hedonic Calculus

Bentham's method to weigh up pleasure and pain

Jeremy Bentham

Founded Utilitarianism; maximise pleasure, avoid pain

J.S. Mill

Added quality of pleasures (higher vs lower); defended liberty (utilitrianism)

Peter Singer

Focused on preference satisfaction; includes animals and future people

Voluntary Euthanasia

Patient chooses to end their life

Non-voluntary Euthanasia

Person can't decide (e.g. coma); others decide

Active Euthanasia

Direct action to end life (e.g. injection)

Passive Euthanasia

Letting someone die naturally by withdrawing treatment

Sanctity of Life

Life is sacred and must be protected

Quality of Life

Value of life based on dignity, autonomy, and pain

James Rachels

Argues no moral difference between killing and letting die in some cases (euthanasia)