Cerebrovascular Pathology and Heart Sounds

Flashcards for reviewing cerebrovascular pathology terms, types of angina, heart sounds, and related concepts.

What is the composition of plaque in cerebrovascular pathology?

Lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood, and byproducts.

How is arteriosclerosis defined?

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of artery walls (without plaque).

What characterizes atherosclerosis?

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

What are the four types of aneurysms listed?

Fusiform, Saccular (Berry), Dissection, and False aneurysms.

Define embolism.

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance (liquid, gaseous, or solid).

What is ischemia?

A decrease in blood supply to an organ, tissue, or part.

Define lumen in the context of blood vessels.

The inner open space or cavity of the blood vessel.

What is occlusion?

Closure or blockage of a blood vessel.

Define obstruction.

The blocking of a body passage.

What causes stenosis?

Narrowing of a vessel, often due to plaque or atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis.

Describe a thrombus/thrombosis.

Localized obstruction of blood flow (blood clot).

What occurs during a dissection in blood vessels?

Sudden tear in the intima that creates a false lumen.

What is angina pectoris (myocardial ischemia)?

Chest pain due to decreased blood flow to the heart.

Describe stable angina.

Transient ischemia without permanent damage, predictable with exertion.

What characterizes unstable angina?

Unpredictable, not relieved by rest or medication, a medical emergency.

What is variant angina (Prinzmetal angina)?

Coronary spasms triggered by stress, smoking, or cocaine use.

What is silent angina?

Asymptomatic angina, detected on EKG.

Who is microvascular angina more common in?

Women.

List lifestyle change treatments for angina.

Stop smoking, limit alcohol, healthy diet, regular exercise, avoid exertion/stress/large meals.

What are common symptoms of angina?

Squeezing pain/heaviness in chest, arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, and back. Women may feel burning/tenderness.

Name some medications used to treat angina.

Nitrates (nitroglycerin), antiplatelets (aspirin), beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.

What are surgical treatment options for coronary artery disease?

Coronary angioplasty (balloon) and coronary bypass.

Vessels sound

Bruit

What does a gallop heart sound indicate?

Presence of S3 or S4 heart sounds.

What does a murmur indicate?

Turbulent blood flow through abnormal valves.

What is a thrill (not a sound)?

Turbulent blood flow over abnormal vessels, detected by palpation.

What causes heart sounds?

Closure of heart valves (AV and semilunar valves).

What is Lubb (S1)?

Closure of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral).

What is Dubb (S2)?

Closure of semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic).

When does S1 heart sound occur?

During ventricular contraction, AV valves are closed.

How does S1 heart sound compare to S2?

Softer and longer than Dubb (S2).

What part of the cardiac cycle does S1 correlate with?

QRS complex and Systole.

When does S2 heart sound occur?

Closure of semilunar valves.

What is S3 heart sound?

Ventricular gallop, resembling the sound of a running horse.

In whom is S3 heart sound considered normal?

Young children and young adults with increased diastolic volumes.

What is S4 heart sound?

Ventricular stress.

Under what condition does S4 heart sound not occur?

Atrial fibrillation.

When is S4 heard in relation to S1?

Right before S1.

What is S4 also known as?

Atrial gallop.

Cite common causes of S4 heart sounds.

Severe hypertension and aortic stenosis.

Explain what a ventricular septal defect is.

Hole in the wall of the ventricles.

What percentage of artery occlusion typically leads to angina?

70%

What is the typical duration of stable angina episodes?

1-5 minutes

What EKG finding is associated with unstable angina?

ST segment depression

What EKG finding is associated with Variant Angina?

ST segment elevation

What type of medication responds well to Variant Angina?

medications

What sensation do women commonly experience with angina that differs from men?

Burning sensation similar to heartburn or tenderness

How do nitrates like nitroglycerin help with angina?

Under tongue

What is the purpose of beta-blockers in preventing angina?

Blockers can be prescribed to prevent future anginas

Where is Bruit found after stenosis occurs?

Sound usually created by turbulent blood flow through abnormal vessels, found after the stenosis

What is idiopathic?

Disease of unknown cause