Studied by 8 people
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Which scientist tested on mice with r-strain and s-strain bacteria and found out that the r-strain must’ve taken up a “transforming principle”
Frederick Griffith
Which scientist set out to discover more about the “transforming principle” and found out that its DNA
Oswald Avery
Which scientist analyzed DNA of different species and found out that A=T and C=G
Erwin Chargaff
Which scientist studied bacteriophage and found out that DNA not protein was injected and made up the genetic material
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Which scientist was an expert in x-ray crystallography and discovered diffraction patterns
Rosalind Franklin
Which scientist made a 3d-model of DNA and discovered that DNA is double-stranded, anti-parallel, and a right-handed helix
James Watson and Francis Crick
What are bacteriophage?
viruses that attack bacteria
Whats DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins are called what
genes
DNA may coil and condense into visible structures called what
chromosomes
DNA is made of what?
nucleotides
What are nucleotides made of?
a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base
What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
What two nitrogen bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
What two nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine
Which nitrogen base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
Thymine
Which nitrogen base pairs with Cytosine?
Guanine
What chemical bond holds the nitrogen base pairs together?
hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine
2
How many hydrogen bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine?
3
What enzyme builds the new DNA strands using the original strands as templates and proof reads the new strand
DNA polymerase
What enzyme “unzips” the DNA molecule (breaks the hydrogen bonds)?
Helicase
The point at which two chains separate is called what during replication?
a replication fork
Whats the sugar in DNA called
Deoxyribose
Whats the sugar in RNA called
ribose
What does Thymine swap with in RNA
Uracil
Whats chargaff’s rule?
the percentage of nitrogen base pairs are equal to one another
Why does DNA never leave the nucleus
its too large to fit through nuclear pores
DNA replication is what to what
DNA to DNA
When DNA replicates each molecule will have one parent strand and one daughter strand what is this called?
semi-conservation
What is the daughter strand also called?
the complementary strand
What is the parent strand also called?
the original strand
What adds free nucleotides and proof reads during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
What phase does DNA replication occur
S-phase
What joins okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
Ligase
Which strand is not continuous and are pieces called Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
lagging strand
Which strand is continuous during DNA replication?
leading strand
What do anti parallel strands do
run opposite
What part of a sugar group in DNA points toward the 5’ end?
roof
What part of a sugar group in DNA points toward the 3’ end?
floor
Which strand is 5’-3’ during DNA replication?
leading strand
Which strand is 3’-5’ during DNA replication?
lagging strand
What is RNA splicing?
cut out the introns splice together exons to make the final mRNA strand
Transcription is what to what?
DNA to mRNA
Translation is what to what?
mRNA to protein
Where does transcription happen?
nucleus
Where does translation happen?
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What happens during DNA splicing
introns are cut out and the exons are spliced together to make the final mRNA strand
When looking up amino acids what strand of RNA do you use?
mRNA
A virus that infects bacteria is known as what
Bacteriophage
Hershey and Chase used sulfur and phosphorus in radioactive labeling to determine the transforming factor of DNA. Sulfur is found in proteins while what is found in DNA?
Phosphorus
The shape of DNA in prokaryotes is considered to be what?
Circular
The shape of DNA in eukaryotes is considered to be what?
Linear
The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by what type of bond?
Hydrogen bonds
The sides of the ladder of a DNA molecule are composed of sugar and phosphate groups. What type of bond holds these groups together?
Covalent bonds
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A Phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
What are the two pyrimidines found in RNA?
Cytosine and Uracil
What are the two purines found in DNA?
Guanine and Adenine
How many total codons are found on the codon chart?
64
How many codons code for the stop of protein synthesis?
3
Which enzyme binds the discontinuous Okazaki fragments together?
Ligase
Which enzyme in replication binds the new complementary nucleotides as well as proofreads the strand?
DNA polymerase
Name the enzyme during transcription that helps to separate the DNA molecule and assemble new nucleotides on the messenger RNA.
RNA polymerase
The chemical units of heredity composed of DNA are known as what?
Genes
how many different amino acids found in living organisms?
20
What type of bond holds amino acids together?
peptide bond
Whats the name given to a triplet of nucleotides on mRNA?
a codon
Whats a polyploidy
an organism that acquires one or more additional sets of chromosomes
What are sequences of nitrogen bases found in tRNA that are not involved in protein synthesis?
anti-codons
What's when part of a chromosome that breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
translocation
What are sequences of nitrogen bases found in mRNA that are involved in protein synthesis?
codons
Whats the start codon
methionine or AUG
What are the stop codon codes
UAG, UAA, and UGA
What does the m in mRNA stand for?
messenger
What does the t in tRNA stand for?
transfer
What does the r in rRNA stand for?
ribosomal
What does mRNA do?
carries genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
What does rRNA do?
combines with proteins to make up ribosomes
What does tRNA do?
brings amino acids to the ribosomes
What are introns?
“junk” DNA, do not code for proteins, and stay in nucleus
What are exons
make up the final mRNA strand, do code for proteins, and exit nucleus
What is a peptide chain
a chain made up of peptide bonds
What are the three key features scientists use to study chromosomes?
size, banding pattern, centromere
What are the three centromere positions in chromosomes?
metacentric, submetacentric, arcrocentric
What are the three point mutations?
substitution, insertion, and deletion
What are the three types of substitution mutations
silent, nonsense, and missense
What does frameshift means
shifts the reading frame
whats a silent substitution mutation?
no change in amino acid sequence
whats a nonsense substitution mutation?
changes to a STOP codon
whats a missense substitution mutation?
changes to a different amino acid
what is a gene mutation?
change in the gene sequence of DNA
What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia
substitution
What type of mutation is Tay-Sachs Disease
insertion
What type of mutation is cystic fibrosis
deletion
What type of mutation is Cri du chat syndrome
partial deletion
What type of mutation is down syndrome
duplication
what chromosome does down syndrome effect
chromosome 21
