Main Topic 6: Off to School

Cognitive Development

is the process of how a person’s intellectual growth and how theychange their mental way of thinking

Sensimotor (Birth to 2 years)

where infants learn through senses and actions

Preoperational (2 to 7 years)

marked by symbolic thought but lacking logical reasoning

Concrete Operational (7 to 12 years)

where logical thinking about concrete eventsemerges

Formal Operational (12 years+)

characterized by the ability to think abstractly andhypothetically

Mental Operations

are cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas.

Deductive Reasoning

drawing conclusions from facts by the characteristic of formal-operationalthought.

Working memory

a type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly

Long-term memory

is a permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimitedcapacity

Organization

a strategy in which information to be rememberedis structured so that related information is placed together

Elaboration

in which information is embellished or to add for it to be more memorable.

Aptitude

It is a natural ability to do something

Psychometricians

who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence andpersonality

Heredity

genes influence intelligence, then siblings' test scores should become more alike as siblingsbecome more similar genetically

Identical twins

highest correlation.

Fraternal twins

lower than identical twins.

Biological siblings

moderate.

Adoptive siblings

lowest correlation.

Ethnicity

Refers to a social group sharing common cultural traits, ancestry, language, or heritage.

Socioeconomic Status

Refers to an individual’s or family’s economic and social positionmeasured by income, education, and occupation, influencing access to resources andopportunities

Special children

differ significantly from typical children in physical, intellectual,emotional, or social development as they face unique challenges in physical, cognitive, emotional,or social development that require extra support.

Adapted teaching strategies

to address their specific difficulties and help them thrive ineveryday life and school.

Giftedness

was defined by scores on intelligence tests: a score of 130 or greater wasthe criterion for being gifted.

Intelligence

is typically defined as the ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge andskills, often measured by convergent thinking—finding the single best solution to a problem

Creativity

the ability to generate new, original, and useful ideas or solutions,often involving thinking in novel and unusual ways.

Divergent thinking

is a cognitive process that involves generating multiple, creative solutions orideas in response to a problem or question.

Down syndrome

a genetic condition causing varying degrees of intellectual and physicaldevelopment challenges.

Fragile X syndrome:

a genetic disorder leading to developmental delays and learning disabilities.

Learning disabilities

affect how a child processes, understands, or uses information, which canimpact academic performance, social skills, and daily functioning.

Phonological processing

their ability to identify, understand, and manipulate the sounds oflanguage is impaired

Phonological Representations

Is an information in a long-term memory about the sounds of words, may be lessdetailed or less precise in children who have reading disability

Attention-Deficit

A neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood.

Hyperactivity

It refers to having increased movement, impulsive actions, a shorter attentionspan, and being easily distracted.

Inattention

Youngsters with ADHD do not pay attention in class and seem unable toconcentrate on schoolwork; instead, they skip from one task to another.

Impulsivity

Children with ADHD often act before thinking; they may run into a street beforelooking for traffic or interrupt others who are already speaking

Reading

is indeed a complex task and learning to read well is a wonderfulaccomplishment.

Word recognition

The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters

Comprehension

The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words.

English word

Children learn more about letter and word forms when they’re frequently involvedin literacy-related activities such as reading with an adult, playing with magneticletters, or trying to print simple words.

Phonological awareness

The ability to distinguish the sounds in spoken words

Comprehension

ndividual words are recognized, reading begins to have a lot in commonwith understanding speech

Organization

One difficult aspect of writing is called

Math skills

Young children often solve addition problems by counting, either on their fingers orin their head

Physical development

refers to the advancements and refinements of motor skills, or, in otherwords, children’s abilities to use and control their bodies.

Fine motor skills

improve as children move through the elementary-school years.

Physical Fitness

it helps to promote growth of muscles andbone, promotes cardiovascular health

Greater motor skill

means they are able to participate in many team sports,including baseball, softball, basketball, and soccer.