week 1 slides + U10+50+51

etymology grammar

greek (grammatike), thing written

parse

divide sth into separate units

differnece lexical and functional word classes

• lexical: add content (these are the open classes - nouns, verbs, etc.)

• functional: add structure (closed classes - prepositions, conjunctions, also verbs (eg auxiliaries))

what word class is “furthermore”

conjunction

Grammar can be defined as

A set of patterns for how words are put together

A dialect of a given language may become the
standard variety of that language

Mostly due to coincidental factors, and often due to
being spoken by the people in power

The spoken version of a language has

a) no grammar of its own - it is merely a collection of corrupted and
incorrect utterances
b) its own grammar and regularities, which have evolved to serve the needs
of the speakers who use it

b

Descriptivism is an approach to examining language which

aims to document how people actually use language and track
innovations

difference syntax and morphology

• the arrangement of items (syntax)

• the structure of items (morphology)

lexical vs functional word classes

• lexical: provide content

• functional/grammatical: provide structure

what can adverbs be combined with?

• verbs: changed rapidly

• adjectives: extremely rapid

• adverbs: extremely rapidly

adverb ‘good’

well

how to form an adverb

• add -ly

  • ends in -y → -ily

  • ends in -ble → -bly

  • ends in -ic → ically

commenting adverbs

• concede a point: “admittedly, …”

• strengthen comment: “clearly, …” “the effects of this were, unsurprisingly, enormous”

• hedge: “a potentially bigger problem…” “apparently, …”

• imply sth that may not be true: “seemingly, …”

what is a preposition

Prepositions complete phrases or form a relationship between words in a sentence.

Common prepositions include: at, of, in, on, for, off, out of, from, by, with, without. Other prepositions include: as, beyond, against, throughout, between, concerning, towards.

verb following a preposition?

verb in -ing form

• Despite evidence to the contrary, Mackie (2017) insisted on arguing that he was right

prepositions and relative pronouns

This is the research on which Cairns based her theory of molecular attraction. (More formal.)

prepositional phrase

phrase which starts with preposition

differnece in view of and with a view to

The first phrase means ‘because of’; the second means ‘with the aim of’.

In view of the safety issues, the laboratory has been temporarily closed.
Work is being undertaken, with a view to re-opening the laboratory in the next few days.

difference the exception of/except for

Both phrases mean ‘apart from’; the first is more formal.

All the experiments took place on the campus with the exception of/except for the control test.

difference In line with/in keeping with

These phrases mean ‘consistent with’ or ‘in the same style as’.

The arguments put forward by Browne are in line with current thinking.
It is important for the tone of a piece of writing to be in keeping with its general purpose.

difference With regard to/in terms of

The first phrase means ‘in connection with’; the second clarifies the particular issue you wish to discuss.

A great deal of discussion took place with regard to the outcome of the trial.
The trial was well run in terms of its timing but other aspects could have been better organised.

difference In respect of/with respect to/in connection with

Both phrases mean ‘on the subject of’ or ‘regarding’.

I am writing in respect of/with respect to/in connection with my recent application.

difference On account of/in the light of

Both phrases introduce a reason or an explanation.

No work will be done on the project on account of the staff shortage.
In the light of increasing student numbers, more research staff have been taken on.

difference On reflection/in retrospect/with hindsight

The first phrase means ‘thinking about it’; the second and third mean ‘looking back’.

On reflection, it would have been better to use a different method of analysis.
The emphasis placed on external influences was, in retrospect/in hindsight, too great.