The effect of priming on person impressions was first demonstrated by ________ and others.
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Social perceptions
________ are influenced more by one vivid life story than by hard statistical facts.
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Harold Kelley
________- Covariation Theory: people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not.
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Geoffrey Goodwin
________: distinctly moral traits proved more important than distinctly warm traits at predicting the positive and negative impressions that people form of others.
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Melven Lerner
________: the tendency to be critical of victims stems from our deep- seated belief in a just world.
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Mark Snyder
________ and William Swann: expecting a certain kind of person, participants unwittingly sought evidence that would confirm their expectations.
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Jones
________ and Keith Davis- Correspondent Inference Theory: each of us tries to understand other people by observing and analyzing their behavior.
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Implicit personality theory
________: a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.
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Emoticons
________ filling the gap of nonverbal cues while texting.
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Individuals
________ differ in the extent to which they feel a need to explain the events of human behavior.
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Self fulfilling
________ prophecy: the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
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Ekman
________ and Friesen: some channels of communication are relatively difficult for deceivers to control, while others are relatively easy.
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Human beings
________ are programed by evolution to respond gently to babyish features so that real babies are treated with tender care.
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Fine units
________: attended more closely, detected more meaningful events, remembered more details about behavior.
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inconsistent info
Change- of- meaning hypothesis: once people have formed an impression, they start to interpret ________ in light of that impression.
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Agency
________: a targets ability to plan and execute behavior.
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Darwin
________: the ability to recognize emotion in others has survival value for all members of a species- it is more important to identify some emotions than others.
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Counterfactual thinking
________: a tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that mightve occurred but did not.
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Physiognomy
________: the art of reading character from faces.
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Confirmation biases
________: tendencies to interpret, seek, and create info in ways that verify existing beliefs.
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Leslie Zebrowitz
________: we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby- faced adults.
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Ran Hassin
________ and Yaacov Trope: people prejudge others in photographs as kind- hearted or mean- spirited based on facial features.
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Darren Newtson
________: some perceivers break the behavior stream into a large number of fine units, while others break it into a small number of gross units.
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Knowledge of social settings
________ provides an important context for understanding other peoples verbal and nonverbal behavior.
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Scripts
________: preset notions about certain types of situations.
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Heather Gray
________: people perceive minds along two dimensions.
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Attribution
________: From Elements to Dispositions.
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Situational
________: external factors such as the task, other people, or luck.
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Dispositions
________: stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities.
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Daniel Kahneman
________: the human mind operates by two different systems of thought.
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new information
Priming: the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret ________.
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Fundamental attribution
________ error: the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior.
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Alexander Todorov
________: people are quick to perceive unfamiliar faces as more or less trustworthy by focusing on facial features.
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Solomon Asch
________: central traits like warm and cold imply the presence of certain other traits and exert a powerful influence on final impressions.
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Consistency information
________: what happens to the behavior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same.
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Embodiment effects
________: once a person is seen as warm (rather than cold) we assume that this person is also trustworthy, friendly, caring, and helpful.
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Availability heuristic
________: a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind.
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Perception of morality
________ plays a special role in the impressions we form of others.
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upper social classes
People in the ________ are more likely than those in the lower classes to see behavior in general as caused by internal personal traits.
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Consensus information
________: how different persons react to the same stimulus.
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Attribution theory
________: a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior.
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Integration
________: From Dispositions to Impressions.
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negative information
Trait negativity bias: the tendency for ________ to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information.
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Base rate fallacy
________: people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probabilities and are influenced more by graphic, dramatic events.
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final impressions
The valence of a trait (whether it is considered good or bad) also influences its impact on our ________.
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Social perception
________: the processes by which people come to understand one another.
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social perception
the processes by which people come to understand one another
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Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov
sometimes it takes a mere fraction of a second for you to form impressions of a stranger based on their face
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physiognomy
the art of reading character from faces
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Ran Hassin and Yaacov Trope
people prejudge others in photographs as kind-hearted or mean-spirited based on facial features
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Leslie Zebrowitz
we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby-faced adults
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Alexander Todorov
people are quick to perceive unfamiliar faces as more or less trustworthy by focusing on facial features
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scripts
preset notions about certain types of situations
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Darren Newtson
some perceivers break the behavior stream into a large number of fine units, while others break it into a small number of gross units
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fine units
attended more closely, detected more meaningful events, remembered more details about behavior
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mind perception
the process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people
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Heather Gray
people perceive minds along two dimensions
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agency
a targets ability to plan and execute behavior
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experience
the capacity to feel pleasure, pain, and other sensations
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nonverbal behavior
behavior that reveals a persons feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues
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both
we can recognize emotions from all cultures, but people in those cultures are a little more accurate (in-group advantage)
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Ekman and Friesen
some channels of communication are relatively difficult for deceivers to control, while others are relatively easy
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Albert Vrij, Anders Granhag
lying is harder to do and requires more thinking than telling the truth, so we should induce and focus on behavioral cues that betray cognitive effort
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dispositions
stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities
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attribution theory
a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
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consensus information
how different persons react to the same stimulus
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distinctiveness information
how the same person reacts to different stimuli
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consistency information
what happens to the behavior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same
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Daniel Kahneman
the human mind operates by two different systems of thought
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System 1
quick, easy, and automatic
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System 2
slow, controlled, and effortful
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availability heuristic
a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind
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base-rate fallacy
people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probabilities and are influenced more by graphic, dramatic events
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counterfactual thinking
a tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that mightve occurred but did not
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fundamental attribution error
the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior
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Melven Lerner
the tendency to be critical of victims stems from our deep-seated belief in a just world
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Integration
From Dispositions to Impressions
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Information Integration
The Arithmetic
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summation model of information integration
the more positive traits there are, the better
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averaging model of information integration
the higher the average value of all the various traits, the better
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impression formation
the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression
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information integration theory
impressions formed of others are based on a combination, or integration, of
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embodiment effects
once a person is seen as warm (rather than cold) we assume that this person is also trustworthy, friendly, caring, and helpful
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priming
the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret new information
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trait negativity bias
the tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information
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implicit personality theory
a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors
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Solomon Asch
central traits like warm and cold imply the presence of certain other traits and exert a powerful influence on final impressions
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Geoffrey Goodwin
distinctly moral traits proved more important than distinctly warm traits at predicting the positive and negative impressions that people form of others
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primacy effect
the tendency for info presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than info presented later
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need for closure
the desire to reduce ambiguity
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change-of-meaning hypothesis
once people have formed an impression, they start to interpret inconsistent info in light of that impression
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Confirmation Biases
From Impressions to Reality
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confirmation biases
tendencies to interpret, seek, and create info in ways that verify existing beliefs
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events that are ambiguous enough to support contrasting interpretations are like inkblots
we see or hear in them what we expect to see or hear
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belief perseverance
a tendency to retain to ones initial beliefs even after they have been discredited
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Mark Snyder and William Swann
expecting a certain kind of person, participants unwittingly sought evidence that would confirm their expectations
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self-fulfilling prophecy
the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
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True or false: The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance.
True
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True or false: Adaptively, people are skilled at knowing when someone is lying rather than telling the truth.