Studied by 4 people
Political ideology
________ can skew the belief in a just world.
E Tory Higgins
The effect of priming on person impressions was first demonstrated by ________ and others.
Social perceptions
________ are influenced more by one vivid life story than by hard statistical facts.
Harold Kelley
________- Covariation Theory: people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not.
Geoffrey Goodwin
________: distinctly moral traits proved more important than distinctly warm traits at predicting the positive and negative impressions that people form of others.
Melven Lerner
________: the tendency to be critical of victims stems from our deep- seated belief in a just world.
Mark Snyder
________ and William Swann: expecting a certain kind of person, participants unwittingly sought evidence that would confirm their expectations.
Jones
________ and Keith Davis- Correspondent Inference Theory: each of us tries to understand other people by observing and analyzing their behavior.
Implicit personality theory
________: a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.
Emoticons
________ filling the gap of nonverbal cues while texting.
Individuals
________ differ in the extent to which they feel a need to explain the events of human behavior.
Self fulfilling
________ prophecy: the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
Ekman
________ and Friesen: some channels of communication are relatively difficult for deceivers to control, while others are relatively easy.
Human beings
________ are programed by evolution to respond gently to babyish features so that real babies are treated with tender care.
Fine units
________: attended more closely, detected more meaningful events, remembered more details about behavior.
inconsistent info
Change- of- meaning hypothesis: once people have formed an impression, they start to interpret ________ in light of that impression.
Agency
________: a targets ability to plan and execute behavior.
Darwin
________: the ability to recognize emotion in others has survival value for all members of a species- it is more important to identify some emotions than others.
Counterfactual thinking
________: a tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that mightve occurred but did not.
Physiognomy
________: the art of reading character from faces.
Confirmation biases
________: tendencies to interpret, seek, and create info in ways that verify existing beliefs.
Leslie Zebrowitz
________: we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby- faced adults.
Ran Hassin
________ and Yaacov Trope: people prejudge others in photographs as kind- hearted or mean- spirited based on facial features.
Darren Newtson
________: some perceivers break the behavior stream into a large number of fine units, while others break it into a small number of gross units.
Knowledge of social settings
________ provides an important context for understanding other peoples verbal and nonverbal behavior.
Scripts
________: preset notions about certain types of situations.
Heather Gray
________: people perceive minds along two dimensions.
Attribution
________: From Elements to Dispositions.
Situational
________: external factors such as the task, other people, or luck.
Dispositions
________: stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities.
Daniel Kahneman
________: the human mind operates by two different systems of thought.
new information
Priming: the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret ________.
Fundamental attribution
________ error: the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior.
Alexander Todorov
________: people are quick to perceive unfamiliar faces as more or less trustworthy by focusing on facial features.
Solomon Asch
________: central traits like warm and cold imply the presence of certain other traits and exert a powerful influence on final impressions.
Consistency information
________: what happens to the behavior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same.
Embodiment effects
________: once a person is seen as warm (rather than cold) we assume that this person is also trustworthy, friendly, caring, and helpful.
Availability heuristic
________: a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind.
Perception of morality
________ plays a special role in the impressions we form of others.
upper social classes
People in the ________ are more likely than those in the lower classes to see behavior in general as caused by internal personal traits.
Consensus information
________: how different persons react to the same stimulus.
Attribution theory
________: a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior.
Integration
________: From Dispositions to Impressions.
negative information
Trait negativity bias: the tendency for ________ to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information.
Base rate fallacy
________: people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probabilities and are influenced more by graphic, dramatic events.
final impressions
The valence of a trait (whether it is considered good or bad) also influences its impact on our ________.
Social perception
________: the processes by which people come to understand one another.
social perception
the processes by which people come to understand one another
Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov
sometimes it takes a mere fraction of a second for you to form impressions of a stranger based on their face
physiognomy
the art of reading character from faces
Ran Hassin and Yaacov Trope
people prejudge others in photographs as kind-hearted or mean-spirited based on facial features
Leslie Zebrowitz
we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby-faced adults
Alexander Todorov
people are quick to perceive unfamiliar faces as more or less trustworthy by focusing on facial features
scripts
preset notions about certain types of situations
Darren Newtson
some perceivers break the behavior stream into a large number of fine units, while others break it into a small number of gross units
fine units
attended more closely, detected more meaningful events, remembered more details about behavior
mind perception
the process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people
Heather Gray
people perceive minds along two dimensions
agency
a targets ability to plan and execute behavior
experience
the capacity to feel pleasure, pain, and other sensations
nonverbal behavior
behavior that reveals a persons feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues
both
we can recognize emotions from all cultures, but people in those cultures are a little more accurate (in-group advantage)
Ekman and Friesen
some channels of communication are relatively difficult for deceivers to control, while others are relatively easy
Albert Vrij, Anders Granhag
lying is harder to do and requires more thinking than telling the truth, so we should induce and focus on behavioral cues that betray cognitive effort
dispositions
stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities
attribution theory
a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
consensus information
how different persons react to the same stimulus
distinctiveness information
how the same person reacts to different stimuli
consistency information
what happens to the behavior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same
Daniel Kahneman
the human mind operates by two different systems of thought
System 1
quick, easy, and automatic
System 2
slow, controlled, and effortful
availability heuristic
a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind
base-rate fallacy
people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probabilities and are influenced more by graphic, dramatic events
counterfactual thinking
a tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that mightve occurred but did not
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior
Melven Lerner
the tendency to be critical of victims stems from our deep-seated belief in a just world
Integration
From Dispositions to Impressions
Information Integration
The Arithmetic
summation model of information integration
the more positive traits there are, the better
averaging model of information integration
the higher the average value of all the various traits, the better
impression formation
the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression
information integration theory
impressions formed of others are based on a combination, or integration, of
embodiment effects
once a person is seen as warm (rather than cold) we assume that this person is also trustworthy, friendly, caring, and helpful
priming
the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret new information
trait negativity bias
the tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information
implicit personality theory
a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors
Solomon Asch
central traits like warm and cold imply the presence of certain other traits and exert a powerful influence on final impressions
Geoffrey Goodwin
distinctly moral traits proved more important than distinctly warm traits at predicting the positive and negative impressions that people form of others
primacy effect
the tendency for info presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than info presented later
need for closure
the desire to reduce ambiguity
change-of-meaning hypothesis
once people have formed an impression, they start to interpret inconsistent info in light of that impression
Confirmation Biases
From Impressions to Reality
confirmation biases
tendencies to interpret, seek, and create info in ways that verify existing beliefs
events that are ambiguous enough to support contrasting interpretations are like inkblots
we see or hear in them what we expect to see or hear
belief perseverance
a tendency to retain to ones initial beliefs even after they have been discredited
Mark Snyder and William Swann
expecting a certain kind of person, participants unwittingly sought evidence that would confirm their expectations
self-fulfilling prophecy
the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
True or false: The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance.
True
True or false: Adaptively, people are skilled at knowing when someone is lying rather than telling the truth.
False
Note 
Flashcard (63)