World History Chapter 4--The Roman Republic

the ROMAN EMPIR- oh wait wrong chapter :|

Mare Nostrum

our sea

the Latins

the earliest settlers of the Italian Peninsula

who inhabited Italy

the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Etruscans

when did the Etruscans come to Italy

around 800 BC

the League of Seven Hills

a league formed by seven villages on the Palestine hills, the beginning of Rome

Romulus and Remus

the two brothers who, according to legend, founded the city of Rome in 753 BC

the Appian Way

the first and most famous road of Rome, constructed in 312 BC

family

a small community including the father, mother, children, slaves, property, and everyone who lived on the property

pater

Latin for father

clan

a number of families from a common ancestor

tribe

a number of clans united by common beliefs

patricians

the aristocratic class

plebeians

the common people

imperium

the king’s authority

fasces

a small bundle of rods enclosing an axe that symbolized the king’s power

when did the Romans overthrow the Etruscan monarchy

509 BC

what kind of government did the Romans establish after overthrowing the Etruscans

republic

consuls

government officials

how long was a consul’s term

one year

the Senate

an aristocratic body that safeguarded the powers of the patrician class

Assembly of Centuries

the chief assembly of the early republic that voted on legislation submitted by consuls, declared war, and elected high-ranking government officials

republic

a form of government in which voting citizens control the power of government through elected officials under law

res publica

a public thing

plebiscites

resolutions passed by the Council of Plebeians that only bound the plebeians

tribune

men elected by the Council of Plebeians that protected the rights and interests of the common people by vetoing unjust acts

Veto!

I forbid

the Roman Forum

the section of the city that was the center of the government

the Law of Twelve Tables

the list of laws put up by the patricians so all could know them

the Tribal Assembly

the plebeian assembly that gained the power to pass laws binding to all the people of Rome in 287 BC

Pyrrhus

a distant relative of Alexander the Great who helped the Greeks defend their land against the Romans

Pyrrhic victory

a victory whose costs outweighed any advantage that may have been gained

by what year did Rome control the entire Italian Peninsula

265 BC

Punici

the Roman word for Phoenicians

Phoenicia

the mother country of Carthage

the First Punic War

Rome and Carthage fought for control over the island of Sicily, the Romans built their own navy and ended when Carthage sued for peace in 241 BC

the Second Punic War

219 BC Carthage attacked a Roman ally and took it after an eight-month siege, Carthage aided by Hannibal

Hannibal

a young Carthaginian commander whose effective leadership and tactical skills won the devotion of his soldiers and almost won the Second Punic War

The Battle of Cannae

spring 216 BC, one of Rome’s worst defeats in history where the Carthaginian army completely surrounded the Roman army and crushed them

Scipio

a young Roman commander who became the most famous Roman of his time by beating the Carthaginian army at the Battle of Zama 202 BC

The Battle of Zama

202 BC, the Romans beat the Carthaginians

the Third Punic War

started fifty years after the Second Punic War by Cato, the Romans destroyed Carthage after they broke one of their provisions with Rome and were turned into a new province called Africa

publicans

tax collectors

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

two brothers who sought to reform the Senate when elected as tribunes in 133 and 123 BC

Roman Civil War

war started between rivals Marius (backed by Tribal Assembly) and Sulla (backed by Senate)

Marius

a well-known military leader who had gained fame for his victories in North African and Europe, and also created a professional army that served for financial gain rather than patriotic devotion

Sulla

the general chosen by the Senate who won the Civil War and had himself declared dictator

Crassus

competed with Pompey and Caesar for fame and fortune, the richest of the three

Pompey

competed with Crassus and Caesar for fame and fortune, had many conquests in the east and rid the Mediterranean of pirates

Julius Caesar

nephew of Marius who competed for fame and fortune with Crassus and Pompey

triumvirate

a three-way alliance, meaning “rule of three men”

who formed a triumvirate

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

the Ides of March, 44 BC

Caesar’s death

where was Caesar murdered

in the Senate chamber

who fought in the second Civil War

Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar

when did Octavian’s army defeat Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s army

31 BC

imperator

an ancient title given to the commander of a victorious army