GLOBAL HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW

What were some efforts to maintain international security after WWII?

1. NATO

2. United Nations

3. International Criminal Court in The Hague (prosecutes war crimes)

4. NGOs (Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders)

Persian Gulf War

Iraq wanted to gain more control of oil reserves so they invaded Kuwait in 1990 under leadership of Saddam Hussein

• United Nations sent forces to drive Iraqis out in early 1991 and eventually liberated Kuwait and put severe limitations on Iraq’s military and economic activity

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi president from 1979 to 2003

• Repressive and authoritarian leader

• Invaded Kuwait, but was stopped by UN (mostly US)

• Ousted by US and Britain in 2003

Democratic Government in Iraq

Formed in 2005 - conflicts between Sunni, Shiites, and Kurds groups still occurred and terrorism still was an issue

Taliban

Islamic fundamentalist regime that filled the leadership void in Afghanistan after Soviets withdrew their troops

Osama bin Laden

the Saudi leader of the international terrorist network Al Qaeda

• Was able to work under Taliban leadership

• Despised the US and Westernization

9/11

Al Qaeda attacked US by hijacking 4 US planes and flying 2 of them into the World Trade Centre in New York, 1 into the Pentagon, and 1 into a field in Pennsylvania - 3000 people died

• led to US declaring war on terrorism and invading Afghanistan

• Taliban was removed from power and Osama bin Laden was killed, but Al Qaeda still survives

What was the last obstacle to true global interaction?

End of the Cold War - resulted in a new and strong wave of global connection

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

created to unite global currency/trade further

• English became the language of global business and communication

European Union

banded Europe into a single market to give US some competition in 90s

• Eurozone, a monetary union formed in 1999, included all but 3 nations (UK, Sweden, Denmark)

2008 Economic Crisis

Stronger economies like Germany were able to remain stable while over-extended economies collapsed badly

Global Culture Examples

1. The Olympics

2. World Cup Soccer

3. Reggae Music

4. Bollywood

5. Social Media

6. McDonald’s

Rise of China

become a huge economic and industrial force in recent years

• worldwide production centres worth 100s of billions of dollars

• has severely limited internet freedom and remains aged politically

• nuclear powers with large military force

• serious problems with poverty and global emissions

Rise of India

one of the fastest growing economies - poor until the 90s

• highly educated Indians brought the world of tech in Silicon Valley to India and made it a global hub for technology

• nuclear powers with large military force

• serious problems with poverty and global emissions

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GAFF)

developed to reduce barriers on international trade - has 153 member states

• later became World Trade Organization

Group of Six (G6)

forum for world’s major industrialized democracies - original members US, Britain, West Germany, Italy, Japan, France

• G7 in 1977 (Canada), G8 in 1997 (Russia)

• Became G7 again after Russia’s military involvement in Ukraine

G20

20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the world

Green Revolution of 50s and 60s

production of inexpensive food and use of pesticides led to destructions of traditional landscapes, reduced species diversity, and social conflicts

Global Warming

worsening at the fastest pace ever due to human activity - outcome is uncertain, but industrialized countries are not doing enough to limit their environmental damage

World Health Organization (WHO)

Organization to combat global epidemics and poor sanitation issues

HIV/AIDS Crisis

25% of African adults live with AIDS and treatment is expensive

• Global health issues highlight the global disparities as the disproportionately affect low-income individuals

Invention of the Computer

Developed in the 1980s, followed by the Internet

• Social Media has changed the way information spreads and has brought people closer together

Internet Surveillance

method of government surveillance and storing of user data, which is considered by many a breech of privacy

Cold War

Nuclear arms race between US and Soviet Union

• Lasted from 1945 to early 90s

• Tried to get the rest of the world to side with them

• Nuclear arsenals became large enough to wipe out the whole world

What was a source of tension between US and Soviet Union after WWII

Future security - both wanted their worldview to dominate

• US: capitalism, democracy

• USSR: communism/totalitarianism

Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945)

parts of Eastern Europe were divided among Allied forces

• Soviet Union demanded control of its neighbouring states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria), which the US disagreed with

Berlin Blockade (1948)

French, US, British sections of Germany merged into one, while Eastern Germany was under Soviet control - they cut of access to Berlin from Western side

Berlin Airlift

US flew in resources to trapped Western side until Soviets relented and split Berlin in half - built a wall on their side (Berlin Wall)

Soviet bloc

East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary

Western bloc

Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece, Turkey

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US would aid countries threatened by communism (containment) - Western bloc formed military alliance NATO for this

Iron Curtain

Weaponized lines between Soviet and Western blocs

Bandung Conference (1955)

leaders from Africa and Asia meet to discuss nonalignment partnerships - accepted investments from US and USSR but didn’t side with either

Chinese Revolution of 1911

led by Sun Yat-sen after fall of Manchu Dynasty in 1911 - China became more Westernized and powerful

Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles of the People

nationalism, socialism, democracy

• Established his own political party for his own goals - the Kuomintang (KMT)

Chiang Kai-shek

Further established KMT in 1920s after Yat-sen’s death while Japanese and Soviets also struggled to control China

• US helped drive Japan out, but communists and KMT continued to fight Chinese Civil War for next 4 years

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of millions of peasants to drive KMT out of China into Taiwan

• Implemented Great Leap Forward by creating communes (local governments) to achieve a Marxist state - they couldn’t keep up with their agricultural quotas, so they lied about it causing starvation of over 30 million Chinese people

• Military became his focus and capitalism was implemented into economy - Mao didn’t like it

Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution

got rid of all Western influences to prevent privileged classes - universities shut down and most worked as farmers from 1960s to 70s

Republic of China

KMT’s Taiwan that they established after being forced out of China by communists

People’s Republic of China

Mainland China - Mao Zedong led the largest communist nation in the world

Deng Xiaoping

New leader after Mao Zedong - focused on restructuring economy, reimplemented education

• Free-market capitalism elements, property ownership, foreign relations - but still largely communist

Tiananmen Square Massacre

hundreds of protesters for democratic reform killed by government troops under Xiaoping’s leadership

Korean War

• Soviet communist regime in North Korea and US democracy in South Korea

• North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950 to unite the two countries - United Nations, under General MacArthur, supported South Korea and China supported North Korea

• armistice didn’t happen until 1953

Vietnam War

Vietminh nationalists fought France until it was agreed to split the nation into two

• Communists - North under Ho Chi Minh and Democrats - South under Ngo Dinh Diem

• Soon war broke out between them - France and US supported South, but eventually the South was taken over by communist Viet Cong fighters, which looked very bad for US

Genocide in Cambodia

• Communism took over Cambodia and communist faction Khmer Rouge took over the government

• goal to get rid of professional class an religious minorities led to 2 million deaths by the government

Platt Amendment

US remained involved in Cuban affairs after Spanish-American War

Batista Dictatorship (1939-1959)

Dictatorship in Cuba supported by US until peasants began revolting in 1956 under leadership of Fidel Castro

Cuban Revolution (1959)

Fidel Castro leads peasants to overthrow the Cuban dictatorship

• Castro promoted democracy but immediately established a communist dictatorship instead, so the US imposed economic bans on trade with Cuba

• strengthened Cuba’s ties with Soviets instead

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Organized by US with a small force of Cuban exiles, authorized by President Kennedy, to overthrow Castro - they were immediately captured

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviets response to US Bay of Pigs Invasion was to install their missiles in Cuba

• US found out and established a navel blockade around the island

• Soviets eventually backed down when US agreed to not invade Cuba - closest brush with nuclear war

Democratization in Latin America

US’s capitalistic destruction of resources in Latin America stirred radical political parties in Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil

• Only in 2000 did Mexico have first multi-party election - opposition

• Reliance on export economies has resulted in poor domestic economies and debt

Poland’s Separation from Soviet Union

A Solidarity movement under Lech Walesa brought thousands of workers wanting reform of communist economic system

• Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Solidarity member, became PM in first open elections

• Communism fell in 1990, Lech Walsea become president, and economy improved swiftly

Germany’s Separation from Communism

• Decline of communism in Soviet bloc led to East Germany cutting ties with Soviets

• Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989 and East and West reunified

• Germany now focused on peace and economic reform instead of violence

Soviet Union Collapses

• Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1986 and urged restructuring of Soviet economy - elements of private ownership instituted, nuclear arms treaties with US

• When Poland and other former Soviet nations separated from USSR, Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991

What caused the Cold War to end?

Dissolving of Soviet Union in 1991

New Russia Democracy

looked like a perfect federal state, but their abrupt intro to democracy and capitalism led to corruption, high unemployment, poverty, widespread crime

• First president, Boris Yeltsin

Vladamir Putin

Russian president, took over from Boris Yeltsin in 1999

• former KGB agent

• Has caused significant unrest in relations with other nations

Indian National Congress

mostly Hindu - established in 1885 to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule

Amritsar Massacre (1919)

319 Indians killed by the British during a peaceful protest - catapulted resistance

Independence Won by India

Britain granted independence to India after WWII

• separated the subcontinent into three parts: India (Hindu), and Pakistan (Muslim) in two parts

• Many died by religious persecution as they migrated across religious lines - created international conflict between Pakistan and India

African National Congress

established in 1912 in South Africa to oppose European colonialism

Why was it difficult for Africa to declare independence from Europe?

Colonialism caused many Africans to be undereducated with limited skills to build productive, independent nations and European influence had caused major destruction in social dynamics

Algeria Independence

fought war for independence against France from 1954-1962 and eventually won

Nigeria Independence

negotiated their freedom from Britain

Ghana Independence

negotiated their freedom from Britain

Kenya Independence

negotiated constitution with Britain

Angola Independence

overthrew colonial government causing civil wars

Congo Independence

overthrew colonial government causing civil wars

African Union

53/54 of African nations

Rwanda Genocide

Conflict between Tutsi and Hutu groups (Tutsi, 15% of pop., governed the Hutu) caused ethnic strife, genocide, and human rights violations after colonial authorities left

• Hutu revolted and killed as many as 800000 Tutsis over 100 days of genocide

Apartheid in South Africa

• 1923: segregation established and enforced

• 1926: Black people banned from certain occupations

• 1948: system of apartheid (racial separation) established - Black people forced into the worst parts of the country and city slums

Nelson Mandela

leader of African National Congress in 1950s determined to abolish apartheid

• jailed in 1964 due to protesting

• released in 1990 - first president elected in a free and open election

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

67 protesters against South African apartheid killed

Creation of Modern Israel

During WWI, Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced Arthur Balfour (Britain’s foreign secretary) to issue Balfour Declaration of 1917: declared that Jewish people had right to live in Palestine, without displacing current Palestinians

• Many Jews came into Palestine when escaping Hitler in the 30s

Jewish State in 1948

Two Palestines, one for Jews and one for Muslims, officially created

1948 Arab-Israeli War

Muslims attack Israel as seen as they are given an official state

• Israel fought back and eventually controlled most of Palestine, while Jordan held remaining portions (West Bank)

Six-Day War (1967)

Israelis taking over all of Palestine - West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip (Egypt), Golan Heights (Syria)

• Palestinians are still without their own nation

Palestine Liberation Organization

dedicated to reclaiming land and Palestinian state

• has been unsuccessful in negotiating a homeland

Palestine and Israel Current Relations

Intense division, military violence, and terrorism still exists between the groups and no advancements have been made

1979 Iranian Revolution

• Before Revolution, Westernization was introduced to the nation and rights of women increased drastically which angered Islamic fundamentalists

• Fundamentalists ousted the current shah and went back to a strictly conservative theocracy

• Human rights advancements were reversed and women went back to traditional roles

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

Iraq invaded Iran over border disputes - Iraq received quiet support from US

Global Oil

Middle East was sitting on more than two-thirds of world’s oil reserves and multinational corporations rushed to gain drilling rights in 20th century

• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, and Iraq earn billions annually oil leading to their nations being some of the most advanced in the world

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy alliance formed to protect against France in 1880s

Contributors to Start of WWI

Feuds between European countries, industrialism, rise in nationalism, military build-up and powerful weapons, power-grabbing alliances

France-Russian Alliance

formed to keep Germany in check

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s planned attack on France through Belgium (neutral country)

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia - later joined by Japan (and Italy when they switched sides in 1915)

Event that started WWI

Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip - Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia led to all allied groups getting involved

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary

Central Powers Alliance

Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary

How many countries joined the WWI?

over 40 - most due to colonial ties and alliances

Why did US join WWI?

1. Germany sinking British civilian boat Lusitania in 1915

2. Zimmermann telegram

• Previously had an isolationism policy

Zimmermann telegram

Secret telegram between German diplomats saying Mexico could regain territory taken by US if they joined forces

Isolationism

neutrality, focusing on internal affairs instead

WWI End

Germany and Central Powers gave up in November 1918

WWI Effects

• 8.5 million soldiers were killed

• 20 million civilians died

Treaty of Versailles

signed in 1919 - official end to WWI

Treaty of Versailles Main Points

1. Germany was to pay war reparations, release territory, downsize military to prevent them from rising to power again

2. Austria-Hungary divided into other nations like Czechoslovakia

3. Britain and France put strict punishments on Germany - US wanted to focus on President Wilson’s Fourteen Points

President Wilson’s Fourteen Points

more focused on future peace and workable balance of power - but was disapproved of by Britain and France

League of Nations

President Wilson called for formation of council to preserve peace and establish humanitarian goals, but was not widely accepted (even by US)