the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments
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**Geology**
the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them
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**Geosphere**
The geosphere is the portion of the Earth system that includes the Earth's interior, rocks and minerals, landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface.
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crust
outermost solid layer of the earth, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle
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**Mantle**
layer of hot rock that is between the crust and the core. The mantle is divided into several layers, and the upper mantle is one of them
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**Core**
the center or middle of the Earth, which is further subdivided into outer, inner, and inner inner cores
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**Seismic Waves**
the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth (earthquake) or an explosion and are recorded on seismographs
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**Topography**
the study of the shape of the land surface, which is made up of different kinds of landscapes/landforms (mountains, valleys, rivers, or craters on the surface)
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elevation
the height of the landscape/landform using sea level as a reference
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relief
the difference in a region's elevation
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**Landforms**
physical features of the earth’s surface found in an area
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**Destructive Forces**
orces (push/pull) or processes that lower or tear down the surface features of the Earth.i.e. anything (including wind, water, ice) that subtracts or breaks down
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**Constructive Forces**
forces (push/pull) that raise or build up the surface features of the earth such as building mountains and landscapes i.e. anything that adds or builds up
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**Continents**
the world's main continuous expanses of land that covers millions of square kilometers and rises considerable distance above sea level
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crust
There are two types of crust that make up the surface of the lithosphere. One is oceanic crust and the other is continental crust.
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**Continental Crust**
The continents are constructed largely of rocks called granite, an intrusive igneous rock that is formed when magma solidifies within the crust or mantle.
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**Oceanic Crust**
The ocean floor consists of rocks called basalt. Basalt is extrusive igneous rock, which is formed from the solidification of lava
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**Lithosphere**
the top layer of the earth. It is composed of both the crust and the portion of the upper mantle
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**Asthenosphere**
the solid upper mantle material. In the asthenosphere, the balance between temperature and pressure is such that rocks have little strength, i.e weak
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