Period 4 APUSH

Thomas Jefferson

He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of predecessors. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders.

war hawks

The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

Henry Clay

In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. A War Hawk

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Tecumseh

This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River.

William Henry Harrison

In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy.

Battle of Tippecanoe

An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh.

John Marshall

This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights.

Marbury v. Madison

SCOTUS case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review

Aaron Burr

He was Thomas Jefferson's Vice President from 1801 to 1804. Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by opposition to the War of 1812; contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy.

Embargo Act (1807)

Issued by Jefferson, forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade.

Non-intercourse Act (1809)

Provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation.

War of 1812

Conflict between the United States and England that ended up a draw.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/western president," President for the common man,"

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre-war boundary between Canada and the United States.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

Francis Scott Key

He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

sectionalism

The country seemed divided into three regions: the North, the South, and the West. Economics is the major contributing factor to division in the early to mid-1800s.

cultural nationalism

A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society.

economic nationalism

Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition.

Tariff of 1816

It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods.

American System

Henry Clay's proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth

Panic of 1819

In 1819, this was the first major financial crisis since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land.

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved "highway" that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries.

Erie Canal

Completed in 1825; linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions.

Robert Fulton

In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper.

railroads

A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers.

Eli Whitney

In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts.

corporations

In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads.

Samuel Slater

In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology he brought over from Britain.

factory system

In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods.

Lowell Mills

Textile mills located in a factory town in MA; employed mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35. Workers actively participated in early labor reform by circulating legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper, and participating in "turn-outs".

market revolution

This was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people.

McCulloch v. Maryland

This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, and that the Bank of the United States was legal under implied powers.

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay's "Compromise of 1820"; over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty under its terms, the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

A warning to European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Nativists

Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority.

American Party

In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party.

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

new cities

After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East.

potato famine

From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland due to this event; Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by crop failures.

Roman Catholic

Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it.

Tammany Hall

New York City's Democratic organization.

Germans

In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered.

mechanical reaper

Cyrus McCormick (United States inventor) created this which made farms more efficient by cutting crops quickly

steel plow

John Deere (United States inventor) invented this which made farms more efficient by digging trenches and turning over soil for ease of planting..

utopian communities

1820-1850 Movement that copied early European efforts at perfect societies. Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism.

Shakers

This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women.

New Harmony

Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded by Robert Owen to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution.

Oneida community

This community, started in 1848 by John H. Noyes, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware.

Horace Mann

He was the leading advocate of the public school movement.

temperance

Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers.

American Temperance Society

Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill.

public school movement

In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation.

McGuffey readers

Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa.

William Lloyd Garrison

In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state.

Liberty party

In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means.

antebellum period

The period before the Civil War started in 1861

transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self-culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority; wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,"

James Fenimore Cooper

This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life.

Second Great Awakening

A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all.

Joseph Smith

Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah.

Brigham Young

After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah.

cult of domesticity

After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

The two women's rights reformers who were not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

A national bank, internal improvements, and protective tariffs

The 3 parts of the American System (BIT)

Nullication Crisis

A dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal law if they believed those laws violated the constitution

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Tariff of 1833 Compromise

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the Tariff of 1816. This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Bank War (1832)

Jackson and the Democrats questioned the power of Biddle's National Bank. He vetoed a bill that would extend the bank for 20 more years. He later removed funds and gave them to "pet banks," resulting in the printing of much paper money and a decline in real wages.

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.