✅️✅️3 - General Concepts of Muscles & Connective Tissues

synovial joints

The following are MUST HAVES for what type of joint?

1. articular cartilage

2. synovial membrane

3. fibrous layer of joint capsule

4. synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid

joint capsule

synovial membrane + fibrous layer = ?

articular cartilage

What is #1?

synovial membrane

What is #2?

fibrous layer of joint capsule

What is #3?

synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid

What is #4?

synovial fluid

-Avoid friction

-Nutrients for the cartilage

ligament

A dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone-bone, bone-cartilage or cartilage-cartilage and serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

capsular ligament

Thickenings of the fibrous capsule itself that take the form of either bands or triangles

intra-capsular ligament

Ligaments located inside the articular capsule (not within the articular cavity)

intra-capsular ligaments

What type of ligament is the cranial cruciate ligament, found inside of the stifle joint?

extra-capsular ligament

Ligaments located outside

the articular capsule, such as the collateral ligament

yellow (elastic) ligament

Ligaments that contain elastic fibers that have a yellowish color, such as the nuchal ligament in the neck

reviewed

review

labrum

Fibrocartilage that extend the articular surface of an articular cavity, by adding a marginal ring or lip, such as the humeral joint or coxal joint

meniscus

Fibrocartilage that help in the adaptation of articular surfaces

genual

A _____ joint, or stifle joint, is classified based on each meniscus having crescent moon shape where the peripheral border is attached to the articular capsule

disc

Fibrocartilage that totally separate a joint cavity in two compartments, which help in the adaptation and movement of the surfaces

plane joint

What kind of joint is #1?

hinge joint

What kind of joint is #2?

pivot joint

What kind of joint is #3?

condylar joint

What kind of joint is #4?

ellipsoidal joint

What kind of joint is #5?

saddle joint

What kind of joint is #6?

ball/socket joint AKA spheroidal joint

What kind of joint is #7?

mycology

The study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles

visceral or involuntary

Smooth muscle is _____

involuntary

Cardiac muscle is _____

striated, somatic, or voluntary

Skeletal muscle is _____

false - only cardiac and skeletal are

True or false?

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle are striated

muscular cell (Fi)

Muscular fiber

muscle fascicle (Fa)

Group of fibers (Fa)

epimysium (Ep)

Around a muscle

perimysium (Pe)

Around a fascicle of fibers

endomysium (En)

Around fibers

tendon (Te)

Attach the muscle to the bone, cartilage, fascia, or other muscle

tendon

Project the traction of a muscle to a bone, cartilage, fascia or other muscle to produce a movement

ligament

Attaches bone-bone, bone-cartilage or cartilage-cartilage and serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

false

True or false?

ligament = tendon

belly

The red, fleshy part of skeletal muscle that is contractile

-A given muscle may have 1+

attachments

CT proper that joins the skeletal muscle to bone, cartilage, or other muscles

origin

-The less mobile attachment of skeletal muscle

-Each head of a muscle has a unique _____

insertion

The more mobile attachment of skeletal muscle

reviewed

review

motor unit

A given motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers (muscle cells) it controls

1

In some muscles requiring very fine control, a motor unit may consist of _____ neuron(s) and only _____ muscle fiber(s)

-EX: extrinsic muscles of the eye

hundred

In other muscles a motor unit may consist of one neuron and several _____ muscles fibers

-EX: quadriceps femoris m.

muscle tone

Not all motor units within a given muscle are relaxed simultaneously

true

True or false?

In a relaxed muscle there are groups of muscles contracted

muscle contraction

Not all motor units within a given muscle a reactive simultaneously, unless maximal contraction is required

small to large

With muscle contraction, the order of activation/recruitment of motor units is from [small to large/large to small]

extension

Movement of a joint causing an increase in the joint angle

flexion

Movement of a joint causing reduction in the joint angle

articular

These are known as _____ angles

circumduction

Movement of a part in the motion of a circle

rotation

The movement of a part on its long axis

pronation

Medial rotation of the limb causing the palmar surface to face "caudally"

supination

Lateral rotation of the limbs causing the palmar surface to face medially

abduction

Movement away from the median plane

adduction

Movement toward the median plane

agonist

-Muscle(s) that produces an action

-In this group the main muscle can be named as primer mover

synergist

Helper muscle(s) of the agonist muscles

antagonist

Muscle(s) that oppose the agonist muscle action

fixator

Muscle(s) that keep a joint in place, preventing movement

retinaculum and annular ligaments

Regional thickenings of deep fascia that bind tendons in place at certain joints

retinacula

What are the top arrows pointing to?

annular ligaments

What are the bottom arrows pointing to?

synovial bursa (a) and tendon sheath (b)

Connective tissue that prevent friction between tendons and hard surfaces

ligaments

In a luxation (medical term for dislocation) _____ are injured

intraarticular

Ligament of the head of the femur is intracapsular but not _____

synovial

What type of joint is the most commonly injured?

synovial membrane

The _____ filters blood and produces the fluid found in synovial joints

high

Inflammation of the synovial membrane can produce extra filtration -> [high/low] pressure inside

negative

The synovial cavity normally has [positive/negative] pressure inside

articular villi

The synovial membrane has projections called _____ to increase the surface of the membrane to filter more blood and produce the synovial fluid

articular villi

What are the structures to the left, inside of a joint capsule?

amber

What color is fresh synovial fluid

ligaments

Connective tissue that is in charge of keeping the joint together in the normal position and only allowing the movements that are supposed to happen

capsular ligament

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

synovial fluid

What is the only thing that should be intraarticular?

intra-capsular ligament

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

extracapsular

The lateral collateral ligament is an example of an _____ ligament

intracapsular

The intercarpal interosseus ligament and cranial cruciate ligaments are examples of an _____ ligament

yellow (elastic)

The nuchal ligaments is an example of a _____ ligament

yellow (elastic)

_____ ligaments help muscles to prevent fatigue

fibrous cartilage

Cartilage reinforced with connective tissue

-stronger than regular cartilage

labrum

Because the glenoid cavity of the scapula is kind of flat, and we have a spheric humeral head, there is a border of fibrocartilage to make the fossa deeper and adapt the joint better. What is this addition called?

meniscus

For a bone with very convex surfaces, like a femur, that needs to join with a flat bone, such as the plate of the tibia, we need a fibrocartilage to help "fill the gap". It is called?

synovial disc

The temporo-mandibular joint has a _____, which creates 2 parts of the synovial joint

less

The plane joint, like between vertebrae, has [more/less] mobility

more

The ball-and-socket or spheroidal joint, humeral or hip joints for instance, is [more/less] mobile

smooth

Organs consist of _____ muscle

striated

Cardiac and skeletal muscles are [smooth/striated]

LIGAMENT DOES NOT EQUAL TENDON

LIGAMENT DOES NOT EQUAL TENDON

tendon

Which one is more flexible - tendon or ligament?

tendon

Direct connection with a muscle

proximal; distal

In limbs, most of the time, the muscle origin is _____ and the insertion is _____

spheroidal

Only _____ joints can do circumduction

small

Animals have a [small/large] range of supination

limbs

Adduction and abduction is commonly used in what part of the body?