Biotech Final Study Guide

Volume Range and tip size of p100

VR: 100 - 1000
TS: 1000

Volume Range and tip size of p200

VR: 20 - 200
TS: 200

Volume Range and tip size of p20

VR: 20 - 200
TS: 200

Volume Range and tip size of p10

VR: 0.5 - 10
TS: 10

DNA Stands for...

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Where are DNA and RNA found?

packed tightly within chromosomes within the nucleus.

DNA is made of...

repeating subunits called nucleotides

Three parts of a nucleotide

PHOSPHATE
DEOXYRIBOSE (sugar)
BASE (A,T,G,C)

Base-pairing Rule

Adenine <==> Thymine
Guanine <==> Cytosine

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
DNA is "naked"
"circular" chromosome

Eukaryote DNA

Eukaryotic DNA is wound around histone proteins and organized into "supercoiled" linear chromosomes found in the nucleus

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Is E. coli gram positive or gram negative?

gram negative

Parts of E. Coli cells that have Genes

Genome (or chromosome)
Plasmid

DNA Plasmid

separate from the bacterial chromosome
replicates independently
the part that gets changed in genetically engineered E coli
transferable and mobile - similar to a memory stick

3 main Plasmid parts

ORI - Origin of replication - Ensures plasmid replicates independently and effectively
TRAIT GENE - This is the DNA code that enables the engineered E coli to make something new
SELECTION GENE - Allows the engineered E coli to grow in the presence of a selection agent e.g. an antibiotic

DNA Replication

the process of making a copy of DNA (cell division)

DNA Transcription

the process by which DNA makes template of RNA with the use of polymerase

SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

half of the old strand is saved

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.

Flow of information in a cell

DNA-->RNA-->Protein

CONSERVATIVE

the DNA is left unchanged

Where does prokaryotic transcription occur?

transcription occurs in the cytoplasm

Where does eukaryotic transcription occur?

nucleus

DNA vs. RNA

deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil
double strand vs. single strand

How does RNA make a protein?

RNA tells the ribosomes what protein to build.
Every 3 letters (AAA) specifies a single amino acid.
Proteins are made of many amino acids.

Non- polar amino acids have...

+ charge

Polar amino acids have...

- charge

4 levels of protein structure

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Primary Protein Structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary Protein Structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
Protein is not active yet

Tertiary Protein Structure

Tertiary structure occurs as the protein finishes folding
Proteins are usually functional at this point.
Hydrophobic collapse is the major driving force behind formation of the tertiary structure.

Hydrophobic Collapse

Occurs as the hydrophobic amino acids collapse away from the water and into the interior of the tertiary structure of the protein.

Quaternary Structure

Quaternary structure occurs when multiple proteins come together to form a protein complex.
Not all proteins are involved in quaternary structures.

Substrate

Reactant that is changed by the enzyme

Active Site

Where the substrate binds.
Matches the shape and chemical properties of the substrate

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

When the enzyme and substrate are bound together

Enzyme

biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body so they go fast enough to maintain homeostasis

What is the difference between cells and bacteria in the context of this experiment? (Canvas IT Lab)

cells are not colorful, bacteria are

When labeling your plates, S. stands for (Canvas IT Lab)

Selective

Gram-Positive cell wall vs Gram-Negative cell wall

Gram-Positive has no cell wall, but a thicker Peptidoglycan Layer, which Gram-Negative has thin Peptidoglycan Layer but thick cell wall.

Which is Gram-Positive cell wall and which is Gram-Negative

Left is Gram-Negative and right is Gram-Positive

5 basic Modes Antibiotic can take against bacterial cells

1) Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis.
2) Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Translation)
3) Alteration of Cell Membranes.
4) Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis.
5) Breakdown of Enzymes

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Effective against specific bacteria (ex. only Gram-Positive or only Gram-Negative)

Broad spectrum antibiotics

affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

How do bacteria reproduce?

Asexually (binary fission)

Key Steps in the Gram Stain Process

1) Crystal Violet (Primary Stain)
2) Iodine (Mordant)
3) Alcohol (Decolorizer)
4)Safranin(Secondary/Counter Stain):

Why is the Gram Stain Important?

The Gram stain helps microbiologists figure out what type of bacteria they're dealing with. This is super important because different bacteria types are affected differently by antibiotics.

What color is gram positive bacteria stained?

purple

What color is gram negative bacteria stained?

pink

Point mutations

chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

Silent mutation

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

Frameshift Mutations

base pair insertions and deletions