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Mitosis
The process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
Prokaryotic Genome
The genetic material of prokaryotic cells, which consists of a single circular DNA molecule.
Eukaryotic Genome
The genetic material of eukaryotic cells, which consists of multiple linear DNA molecules.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
The different stages of the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
Phases of Mitosis
The stages of mitosis, including prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitotic Spindle
The structure composed of microtubules that helps to separate the chromosomes during mitosis.
Centrosomes
The structures that organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.
Kinetochore Microtubules
Microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and help to move them during mitosis.
Nonkinetochore Microtubules
Microtubules that do not attach to the kinetochores and help to elongate the cell during mitosis.
Asters
Radial arrays of short microtubules that extend from the centrosomes during mitosis.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis and results in the formation of two separate daughter cells.
Binary Fission
The process of cell division in prokaryotic cells, which is similar to mitosis.
Cancerous Cells
Cells that undergo abnormal cell division and escape normal cell cycle controls.
Benign Tumor
A noncancerous tumor that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant Tumor
A cancerous tumor that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
Metastatic Tumor
A tumor that has spread from its original site to other parts of the body.
Genome
The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
Chromosomes
Structures composed of DNA and proteins that carry the genetic information of an organism.
Sister Chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome that are held together by a centromere.
Centromere
The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are most closely attached.
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for cell division.
S Phase
The phase of interphase where DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are duplicated.
G1 Phase
The phase of interphase where the cell grows and carries out normal metabolic activities.
G2 Phase
The phase of interphase where the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Walther Flemming
The German anatomist who developed dyes to observe chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis.
Microtubules
Tubular structures involved in various cellular processes, including cell division.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures that contain genetic information.
Sister chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome that are held together by a centromere.
Aster
A star-shaped structure formed during cell division that helps position the spindle fibers.
Metaphase plate
An imaginary plane in the center of the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase.
Centrosome
A cellular organelle that helps organize microtubules and is involved in cell division.
Kinetochore
A protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers.
Kinetochore microtubules
Microtubules that attach to the kinetochore and help move chromosomes during cell division.
Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules
Microtubules that overlap with each other and help elongate the cell during cell division.
Anaphase
The stage of cell division where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell.
Depolymerizing
The process of breaking down a polymer into its individual subunits.
Spindle pole
A structure involved in the formation and organization of the spindle fibers during cell division.
Chromosome movement
The movement of chromosomes during cell division.
Motor protein
A protein that uses ATP energy to move along microtubules and transport cellular components.
Tubulin subunits
The individual building blocks of microtubules.
Cleavage furrow
A groove that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells, leading to cell separation.
Cell plate
A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, eventually becoming the cell wall.
Nucleus
The central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material.
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Prometaphase
The stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes decondense and two daughter nuclei form.
Binary fission
A type of cell division in prokaryotes where the chromosome replicates and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Origin of replication
A specific site on the chromosome where DNA replication begins.
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Mitosis
The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Cytoplasmic signals
Chemical signals present in the cytoplasm that drive the cell cycle.
Checkpoints
Specific points in the cell cycle where the cell stops and waits for a go-ahead signal before proceeding.
G1 checkpoint
The checkpoint in the G1 phase of the cell cycle where the cell decides whether to divide or enter a nondividing state.
G0 phase
A nondividing state that cells can enter if they do not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint.
Cyclins
Regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control that fluctuate in concentration during the cell cycle.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Enzymes that are activated by cyclins and help regulate the cell cycle.
MPF (maturation-promoting factor)
A cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers the cell's passage from the G2 phase to the M phase of the cell cycle.
MPF
Stands for Maturation Promoting Factor, a protein complex that regulates the cell cycle.
Cyclin
A family of proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
Cell cycle
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
Checkpoints
Points in the cell cycle where the cell checks for errors and ensures proper progression.
Kinetochores
Protein structures on chromosomes that attach to spindle microtubules during cell division.
Growth factors
Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
A specific growth factor that stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells.
Density-dependent inhibition
A phenomenon where crowded cells stop dividing.
Anchorage dependence
The requirement for animal cells to be attached to a substratum in order to divide.
Cancer cells
Abnormal cells that do not respond to normal cell cycle controls and can form tumors.
Transformation
The process by which a normal cell is converted into a cancerous cell.
Benign tumor
A mass of abnormal cells that remain at the original site and do not invade surrounding tissues.
Malignant tumor
A tumor that invades surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body, where they can form secondary tumors.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelopes reform.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.