Criteria A for Healthy Life and Basics of Life

Nutrition in Humans: Balanced Diet, Deficiency Diseases

No

a) Indicators of Healthy Living

i) BMI (Body Mass Index) ii) Cholesterol and blood sugar levels iii) Energy iv) Skin & Hair v) Bowel movement

b) Factors that affect human health:

i) Income & Social status ii) Education iii) Gender iv) Cultures & Traditions v) Physical environment vi) Genetics vii) Social support network viii) Personal behaviour and coping skills.

Carbohydrates

a) Basics:

i) Healthy & Unhealthy Healthy: Plant food e.g. Foods & Vegetables Unhealthy: Soda, White bread. ii) Found in different forms.

Carbohydrates

b) Functions:

i) Main source of energy ii) Lowers blood cholesterol iii) Retain proteins from being burned iv) No healthy digesting

Carbohydrates

c) Types:

i) Simple: Fresh Fruits ii) Whole or Starchy: Whole grains iii) Fibrous: Fresh vegetables. iv) Complex: Fresh fruit, vegetable, milk, honey.

Protein

a) Basics:

i) 10% to 20% daily calorie intake ii) Need for red blood cell structure iii) Proper function of antibodies iv) Regulation of enzymes and hormones v) Tissue growth

Protein

b) Sources:

i) Amino acids are the building blocks. ii) Complete protein: Milk, Meat, Eggs iii) Others: Non-meat eaters need various foods for protein balance e.g. Rice & Corn.

Fats & Lipids

a) Functions:

i) Reserve energy ii) Component of soluble membrane iii) Regulate permeability iv) Vitamin source: A, P, E, K. v) Component of some enzyme systems vi) Fluidity & flexibility to membrane vii) Important role for fever/cold

b) Unsaturated fats

Liquid and room temp. i) Prevent heart disease/stroke by lowering blood cholesterol. ii) Almonds, avocado, margarine, olives, seeds, vegetable oil.

Omega-3:

Unsaturated fat type. Lowers risk of heart disease/stroke Other health benefits: Brain development, less inflammation. * Salmon, Walnuts.

Saturated fats

Hard at room temp. i) Unhealthy ii) Animal sources iii) Increase blood pressure & risk of stroke/heart attack.

Unhealthy & Healthy fats

d) Healthy: Omega-3 & Unsaturated e) Unhealthy: Saturated

Water

a) Facts:

i) In all 3 states: Melts & Freeze - 0∘ C. ii) Boil - 100∘ C. iii) Clear, odorless, colorless liquid. iv) Rain fall & ground water. v) 70-90% of body. vi) Absorbed through plants mostly lost in transpiration.

b) Plant use:

i) Transport nutrients ii) Photosynthesis iii) Maintains cell wall iv) Germination of seed v) Regulates temp vi) Absorbed - Roots vii) Travel through out viii) Evaporates - Leaves surface

c) Use in animals:

i) Digestion ii) Transportation in body iii) Waste products iv) Regulation of temp.

Malnutrition

a) Definition: Condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrient are either not enough or too much. b) Causes: Inadequate food intake, Sanitation, Social inequality and disease.

Deficiency diseases:

a) Loss of vision, Vitamin A: Poor vision b) Beriberi, Vitamin B1: Weak muscles, less energy c) Scurvy, Vitamin C: Bleeding gums d) Rickets, Vitamin D: Soft bones e) Bone & tooth decay, Calcium: Decay of bone & teeth f) Anaemia, Iron: Weakness

Taxonomic groups & Binomial Nomenclature

No

Taxonomy

a) The science of classifying organisms into different stages to understand our environment better.

Taxonomic groups- Animals

Domains, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Taxonomic groups- Plants

Domains, Kingdoms, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Acronym

Dear King Philip Came over for grape soda / Dear King Dan came over for grape soda.

Kingdoms & Acronym

e) Kingdoms: Monera, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista f) Acronym: My pigs Are Flying Pigs

Domains & Acronym

h) Domains: Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota i) Acronym: BAE

Binomial Nomenclature

a) Rules of Binomial Nomenclature: Genus capital, species lowercase, underline separately. b) Importance: Avoids confusion & Universally excepted. c) Definition: Two-part Latin naming system for biological organisms.

Domain:

Highest taxonomic rank, dividing cellular life form into three groups.

Kingdom:

High-level taxonomic rank, second to domain, used to classify living organisms.

f) Phylum

A taxonomic group ranked below kingdom, used to classify animals in zoology.

Division:

A taxonomic group normally used in mainly botany and Mycology.

Characteristics of Living Organisms - Vertebrates & Invertebrates

No

a) Vertebrates:

i) Fish: Live in water, gills for breathing, scales, and fins, cold-blooded. ii) Amphibians: Live in water and on land, moist skin, lay jelly like eggs in water, cold-blooded. iii) Birds: Feathers and beaks, lay hard-shelled eggs, hollow bones for flying. iv) Mammals: Hair or fur, give birth to live young (Mostly), feed babies with Milk, warm blooded. vi) Reptile: dry, scaly skin. Almost all reptiles are cold-blooded, and most lay eggs—though some, like the boa constrictor, give birth to live young. All have backbones.

Invertebrates

i) No backbones. ii) Many have exoskeletons (like insects and crustaceans). iii) E.g. Insects (worm, jellyfish, starfish, and spiders).

Characteristics of Living Things (MRS GREN)

a) Movement b) Respiration c) Sensitivity (Response to stimuli) d) Growth e) Reproduction f) Excretion g) Nutrition

Parts of a cell 1

a) Vacuole: These are membranous sacs that are used for storing organic molecules in the cells. (Animal (some) & Plants) b) Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum): These have ribosomes attached at the surface of the membrane. It involves in intercellular transport of proteins. (Animals & plants, and membrane) c) Nucleus: The double-membrane bound organelle that houses the DNA of the cell. It directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. (Eukaryotic cells only, not prokaryotes). (Animal & Plant) d) Centriole & Centrosome: Non-membranous and small cylindrical structures that are found in pairs that help in spindle fibers formation during cell division.

Parts of a cell 2

e) Lysosomes: These are membrane sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysosymes) that can digest macromolecules. f) Golgi body (Golgi apparatus): Stack of flattened membranous sacs/cisternae that help process and store substances synthesized in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (Animals & Plants) g) Ribosomes: Small and non-membranous organelles that synthesize proteins. h) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER): These have no ribosomes. It is the site of carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of drugs in liver cells. (Animals & Plants).

Parts of a cell 3

i) Mitochondrion: The rod-shaped and double-membrane bound organelle that is the site of respiration to produce ATP/Energy. j) Chloroplasts: Perform photosynthesis. (Plants) k) Central Vacuole: Single membrane bound organelle that stores waste, water, and nutrient. (Plant) l) Cytoplasm: Holds organelles together. (Animal & Plant)

Parts of a cell 4

m) Cell membrane: Monitors entrance or exit of other organelles. (Animal & Plant) n) Nucleus membrane: Protects nucleus. (Animal & Plant) o) Cell wall: Structural strength and protection. (Plant) p) Cytoskeleton: Structural shape and support and helps cellular movement. (Animal and plant).

Animal & plant cells

a) Animals and plant cells are different as plant cells have cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplast. While animal cells do not. b) Animal: Irregular shape. Plant: Rectangular. c) Animal: Pinkish. Plant: Greenish. d) Animal: Food. Plant: Sun.

Cell specialization 1

a) Red blood cells (RBCs): i) Function: Carry oxygen from lung to body tissue using hemoglobin. ii) Adaptation: No nucleus, Biconcave shape, Flexible. b) Sperm cells: i) Function: Fertilize an egg during reproduction. ii) Adaptations: Long tail (flagellum), many mitochondria, acrosome, streamlined shape. c) Egg cells (Ova): i) Function: Join with sperm egg to form a zygote. ii) Adaptations: Large cytoplasm, Protective outer layer, contain half the DNA.

Cell specialization 2

d) Nerve cells (Neurons): i) Function: Carry electrical signal around the body. ii) Adaptations: Long axon, branched ending (dendrites), connect with other neurons, Myelin sheath. e) Muscle cells: i) Function: Contract to cause movement. ii) Adaptation: Long, stretchy, many mitochondria, can contract and relax repeatedly. f) Ciliated cells (e.g. in respiratory tract): i) Functions: Move mucus and trapped particles out of lungs. ii) Adaptations: Have tiny hair like structures (cilia), work with goblet cells. g) Villi cells (In small intestine): i) Finger-like shape, thin walls, contain many Mitochondria, Microvilli. ii) Absorb nutrients from disgested food.

Cell theory 1

i) 1665 - Robert Hooke - Term "Cell" ii) 1674 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Living cells "animalcules" iii) 1831 - Robert Brown - Nucleus in plant cell iv) 1934 - Matthias Schleiden - All plants are made of cells v) 1861-1839 - Theodor Schwann - All animals are made of cells

Cell theory

vi) 1855 - Rudolf Virchow - All cells come from pre-existing cells. vii) 1861 - Louis Pasteur - Supports cell theory. viii) 1879 - Walter Flemming - Process of cell division. ix) 1931 - Ernst Ruska & Max Knoll - Electron microscope x) 1953 - Watson & Crick - Double helix structure of DNA xi) 1970 - Lynn Margulis - Complex cells come from simpler pre-existing ones.

Microscopy

No

Parts:

Fine adjustment knob, Coarse adjustment knob, Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x), Nosepiece, Eyepiece lens, Stage, Diaphragm, Stage, Light, Arm, Base, Mirror.

Contribution:

Cell discovery, helps understand bacteria, viruses, cell parts, disease and play major role in biology and medicine.

Applications:

Diagnosing diseases, studying cells and tissue, forensic science.

Use, Care, Handling:

Carry with one arm on base other on arm, start with scanning lens, lens paper to clean lens, store covered in dry place.

Magnification calculation:

Eyepiece × Objective

Differences (Light vs. Electron Microscopes):

a) Uses: Light / Electron beams b) Max Magnification: 1K/2M c) Image colour: Natural or stained / Black and white (Can be coloured) d) Cost: $300 - 10,000 / $3,000 - $10M+