Greek grammar points:

ισθι, εστε

ειμι imperatives (distinguished by enclitic)

there is… / infinitive subject

Emphatic εστι = _____ (can also be used with _____)

εκ του τους πολιτας διακαιους ειναι

Articular infinitive with ειναι (acc. nouns & gen. article)

‘ο ‘ιππος εστι του κριτου / νικειν εστι του ισχυρου

Possessive genitive can be predicative (_______) and of characteristic (________)

predicate

Partitive genitive always falls in the ____ position

I have something rather than you / εστι βιβλια τωι ποιητηι

Possessive dative conveys that someone has something rather than nothing (pos. gen = ______) and can be predicative too

τα παιδια αιτια πονων τοις ανθρωποις

Dative of advantage = _____ (bad / good for someone specific)

Instrument & means / time when

Also have dative of _____ and dative of ______

-ου / -εσθε

Middle / passive imperatives

-εσθαι

Middle / passive infinitive

μ / ν

ο theme vowel is used before ____, ε before all others

reciprocal

The middle conveys the involvement of the self, for ones benefit, or literally to oneself but can also be ____

πειθομαι

obey, trust, believe (middle form)

εχομαι

cling to, hold onto (middle form)

φερομαι

win (a prize), carry back for oneself (middle form)

λυομαι

ransom (middle)

ευ

No adverb for αγαθος, instead ___ is used

τ’ / θ’

τε is elided into __ before smooth vowel breathings and __ before rough vowel breathings

clause / article-noun units

Postpositives can’t appear at the beginning or the end of a ___ and usually intervene between _____

the following (nearest thing)

‘οδε = ____

the foregoing (with ‘οδε) and the latter (with εκεινος)

‘ουτος = ____

the former (furthest thing)

εκεινος = ____

definite article / predicative

The demonstrative still needs the ____ and most always falls in the ___ position

the ending does not align with the theme vowel / δε-ομαι

Monosyllabic contract verbs will not contract only when ____ eg. ___ (unlike in δει)

circumflex / ποιει / ποιη

Contract verbs in their contracted form will always have the ___ to show that it is contract even when the contraction only includes the removal of the contract vowel (eg. ____)

ε / οιν

Dual 3rd declension endings:

combine the labial / velar consonant with the sigma → ψ or ξ

In labial and velar stems, the dat pl ending will ____

ν, ρ, ς / lose their final consonant

It is law that words must end in either vowels or ____ therefore some stems might ____

become long eg. γερων (γεροντ-), οδους (οδοντ)

When no case endings are added in the nom sg. then the vowel of the last syllable might _____

acc: -α ending / -ιν ending

In iota stems (eg. χαρις), if the second syllable is accented, then _____, but if its the first then ____ (other vowel stems don’t follow this)

long vowel from nom sg / γερουσιν

In masc -ντ- stems, the dat pl will use the ____ except γερων which uses ____ instead

του / τωι / accent

Interrogative pronouns for gen and dat sg. can appear like ____ (inter = __)

long → short vowel / αγωνος / compensatory lengthening

Liquid and nasal nouns usually shift from ____ (exc. ___)

However in dat pl, there is no _____

-τρ- / -τρα- / -τερα-

Irregular liquid nouns have middle and weak stem forms: ___ for gen / dat sg and __for dat pl with __

ε / η / ους

Sigma stems are a consequence of condensed stems, therefore their endings appear different

The hidden __ means that usual endings α → _, ος → _

nom & acc pl endings

Socrates will have same _____

ως, α(ι)

Nouns that have a different vowel in sigma stems like γερας will contract differently, with the α contracting with endings, so gen sg → __ and dat sg. → __

syllabic / temporal

Augments can be _____ or ______ (where the vowel is lengthened)

η(ν), ησθα, ην (ησθον, ησθην), ημεν, ητε, ησαν

Imperfect form of ειμι

(ε)χρην

Imperfect form of ‘it is necessary’

ωιμην / ωιομην

Imperfect form of οιομαι

length of time and space

The accusative is used for _______

‘I ask the citizens for money’

The sentence _______ would use a double accusative

any, some, anyone, anything etc.

Indefinite τις, τι can be translated as _________

He is wise in the wisdom of the poets

If you want to specify something eg. ______ use the accusative

future infinitive / ημελλον & εμελλον

μελλω usually takes a _____ and another peculiarity is that it has multiple conjugation forms like ____ and _____ (same with aorist)

ουδε / μηδε / this man does not even tolerate his friends

If a sentence contains a negative, then the connecting word will be ___ not και and can also be used when και means ‘even’ eg. _______

double negatives / ουκ επαινεσομαι ουτε τους Αθηναιους ουτε τους βαρβαρους

Greek, unlike english, tolerates _____ (emphasis) so the sentence ____ is not positive

αγω, αδικεω, αρχω, εχω, λεγω, λειπω, φερω

Although the future has a separate middle, the verbs ______ can be used as passives in the middle

Nasal (μ, ν) / liquid (λ, ρ)

____ and ____ usually contract to form ε-contract verbs in the future middle

εσται

The future form of ειμι in the 3rd sg. is _____ (contracted form) and appears like this in all compounds

ης / aorist

Some non-ε-contract verbs have ___also after the __ form of the verb

predicative / εκαστος

εκατερος most often takes the ____ position whereas ____ can take either

When a verb will have completely different stems in its principal parts eg. φερω

Suppletive: ______

ον / ατε

Weak aorist active imperatives:

αι / ασθε

Weak aorist middle imperatives:

ω (α-σο)

Weak aorist middle 2nd sg ending = ___

ε / αν

Weak aorist active 3rd endings = ___

ετον & ετην / εσθον & εσθην

Strong aorist active/middle dual endings = ____

On the A / On the P

For the weak aorist middle imperative, the accent is _____ whereas for the identical weak aorist active infinitive, the accent is _____ (for 2+ syllable words)

lengthened (μενω → μειν- / αγγελω → αγγειλ-)

Nasal and liquid verbs in the weak aorist principal part usually → ____

incomplete, in progress, repeated, customary or pertaining to general truth / conative (I tried to walk)

Present aspect = _____ (also seen in imperfect) as well as ____

It is difficult to be in exile (not exiled)

Always praise worthy men (attempted, continuous, repeated, general)

Present aspect infinitive = ______

Present aspect imperative = _____

to find / to realise / to die

Aorist forms of present aspects: to seek → ____, to believe → ____, to be dying → _____

Instantaneous & completed / the citizens want to be brave in this battle

Aorist aspect = ______ so inf = specific eg. _____

gnomic aorist

Though the present aspect refers to general truth, the ______ can be used for timeless general truth in poetry and proverbs

acc + inf / inf keeps same tense stem and voice / ου

Indirect discourse = _______ (where _____) & negated with __

thinking, believing, hoping / φημι

The inf. indirect is used with verbs of ______ or ___

φημι, φηις, φησι, φαμεν, φατε, φασι(ν)

Present active of φημι =

εφην, εφησθα / εφης, εφη, εφαμεν, εφατε, εφασαν

Imperfect active of φημι =

εγω, εμε, εμου, εμοι / ‘ημεις, ‘ημας, ‘ημων, ‘ημιν

Personal pronouns - 1st person

συ, σε, σου, σοι / ‘υμεις, ‘υμας, ‘υμων, ‘υμιν

Personal pronouns - 2nd person

2-1-2 / can’t go in the beginning, or end / articles

Possessive pronouns go like ___ and when without emphatic ε, ______ (neither can go after ____)

nom / acc sg / εων

ι & υ stems show these in ____ but in the rest will show ε stem and go like sigma stems (except ___)

When the length of vowels switches so gen sg ηος → εως

Quantitative metathesis: ______

nom sg & dat pl / acc sg & pl

Diphthong stems like αυ, ευ, ου will only appear in _____ apart from αυ & ου where they also appear in ____

ε&η / α / η&ε / ο

Diphthong stems change in other cases: ‘ιππευς → ___, γραυς → ___, ναυς → ___, βους → __ (mostly then followed by usual ending)

αστη

Neuter αστυ will go to ___ in nom / acc pl

nom sg (γραυς / ναυς / βους) / ‘ιππεας

Diphthong stems acc pl will look like ___ except ____

goes like Σωκρατης / γενος (ες)

3rd declension adjectives that have masc/fem & neuter have a couple different forms - σ stems = _____ but with __

v-stems / δαιμων, -ονος

Other masc/fem & neu 3rd decl form is _____, goes like ____

υ (βαρυς, -εια, -υ) / εος / εα

3rd decl 3-1-3 adjectives - first = stems in __

Like πηχυς & αστυ but have __ in gen sg (not εως) and __ in nom/acc neu pl (not η)

ν-stem / δαιμων, -ονος / ντ-stems / γερων, -οντος

3rd decl 3-1-3 easiest stems = ___ (again like ___) & ___ (like ___)

πας, πασα, παν

____ goes like χαριες, ιεντος in all genders

all, whole / entirety / any, every

In the predicative position, πας means ___, in the attribute ____ and with no article ____

Pres/imp active singular / η→α

μι-verbs only have lengthened theme vowels in the ________ (not in participle or other moods) - only surprising theme vowel is for ‘ιστημι = ___

-σιν / -σαν / -ναι

Some different endings in the pres/imp active for μι-verbs (no change in m/p) = 3rd pres sg - ___, 3rd imp pl - ___, inf - ___

α / εασιν

3rd pres pl is very similar to 3rd pres sg but has a _ in front of it - this contracts in ‘ιημι & ‘ιστημι but doesn’t in τιθημι = __

δεικνυμι (υ)

____ is the only strand of μι-verbs that doesn’t seem to change (same letter is just ‘lengthened’)

τιθημι, ‘ιημι, διδωμι / τιθεις, ‘ιεις, διδους etc.

The imperfect active 2nd & 3rd sg appears differently in _________ due to contraction and borrowing from the ω-endings = ____

ειμι, ει, εισι(ν) / ι / ηια, ηιεισθα, ηιειν / ηι

ειμι (go / will go) is irregular in its endings: pres sg = _____ & pres pl = _ + usual endings

Imperfect sg = ____ & imp pl = __ + usual endings

ει / εσο (ου)

‘ιημι in its aorist form doesn’t shift to ε but instead ___ & is the only one which doesn’t contract in 2nd sg (_)

ερχομαι / ιεναι / ηια / ειμι / ηλθον

‘Go’ system = pres ind - ____, pres inf - ___, imperfect - ___, future - ___, aorist - ____

Iota subscript / circumflex

Go ειμι always has ____ in imperfect and ____ in most forms

ει

___ is the same for ‘you are’ and ‘you will go’ (even accents too)

εθηκα → εθεμεν, αφηκα → αφειμεν, εδωκα → εδομεν, εστην → εστημεν (last one is the only one not to shorten)

Though εθηκα is the aorist form learnt, in the plural the athematic aorists change to ______ (this new stem is used in the middle for all)

αφεισο / ου

_____ is the only aorist in which the 2nd sg middle doesn’t contract to ___

εστησα / εσην / εστησαμην

____ is the transitive form of aorist ‘ιστημι (I appointed), ____ is the intransitive (I am appointed) and ____ is the middle transitive (I appointed for myself)

θειναι, αφειναι, δουναι, στηναι

______ are the athematic aorist infinitive forms

εαλω-, εβη-, εγνω-, εδυ-

Other athematic aorists (active in their present system but here more middle / quasi-passive) have new stems which keep the long vowel throughout: ______