imperialism? more like butt

Josiah Strong

Protestant minister who said Anglo-Saxons had a duty to spread Christianity and civilization; justified imperialism.

De Lome Letter

Spanish ambassador's letter calling McKinley “weak”; increased U.S. anger toward Spain before the Spanish-American War.

"Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain!"

after the USS Maine exploded in havana, this slogan was used to blame spain and to rally support for war against them

"Reconcentration" Policy

Spanish tactic forcing Cuban civilians into camps to isolate rebels; caused U.S. outrage.

José Martí

opposed imperialism and supported cuban independence from spain. wrote the essay “our america”, which encouraged latin america to resist foreign domination.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Gave U.S. right to intervene in Cuba; made Cuba a U.S. protectorate. reversed the teller amendment.

Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (MA)

Republican imperialist senator who wanted the Philippines annexed and supported the imperialist “large policy”

Gen. Valeriano Weyler

Spanish general nicknamed "The Butcher" for harsh Cuban reconcentration camps.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

U.S. naval officer who argued sea power was key to world dominance. wrote “The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783”

Jingoism

drove american imperialism. based in a sense of cultural superiority and nationalism, it encourages aggressive expansion, as seen in the Spanish-American War and the annexation of territories like Hawaii and the Philippines.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

Alfred Thayer Mahan's book. argued that strong navy = world dominance. also supported a canal in central america and the acquisition of strategic colonies.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news by Hearst and Pulitzer that pushed for war with Spain.

Queen Liliuokalani

last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, whose overthrow by American businessmen and the U.S. military in 1893 eventually led to hawaii’s annexation

Social Darwinism

belief developed by herbert spencer that the anglo saxon race was inherently superior to all other races and would naturally dominate them. main justification for imperialism.

McKinley Tariff (1890)

increased the tariff on imported goods by more than fifty percent.

high tax on sugar hurt hawaiian sugar growers. to avoid the high tax, hawaii was eventually annexed to become part of the U.S.

Teller Amendment

1898. U.S. promise not to annex Cuba after defeating Spain. a win for anti-imperialists who were wary of governing a nation without their consent, but eventually reversed by platt amendment.

Alaska Purchase (1867)

proposed by secretary of state william seward, the us bought alaska from russia for $7.2 million, hoping it would serve as a base for american trade with asia. known as “seward’s folly” bc alaska was a barren, frozen land.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick"—let’s use peaceful negotiation as our approach to imperialism, but have a strong military to use if we need. exemplified by the Panama Canal Construction.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Rough Riders

Volunteer cavalry led by Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War.

American Commonwealths (Puerto Rico/Guam)

U.S. territories gained from Spain; not granted full rights or statehood.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who fought for independence from Spain and later against U.S. rule.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's policy using U.S. investments to influence foreign nations.

Open Door Policy

in response to european powers carving out china into spheres of influence, the us decided that all powers should have equal trading rights with china. aimed to prevent war and secure us trade interests; no very successful right away.

Jones Act (1918)

Gave U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and promised future self-government.

Panama Canal

Waterway built by the U.S. connecting Atlantic and Pacific; boosted trade and naval power.

Moral Diplomacy

• ww

• introduced to replace taft’s "dollar diplomacy"

• condemned imperialism

• but ended up birthing moral imperialism where US forced democratic ideals on other nations, sometimes w force

Great White Fleet

Fleet of U.S. battleships sent around the world (1907-1909) to show naval strength.

Tampico Incident

1914 conflict between U.S. sailors and Mexican officials; led to U.S. occupying Veracruz.

Imperialist Presidents

McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft—expanded U.S. power through war, diplomacy, and trade.

Mexican Civil War

Revolution (1910-1920) that drew U.S. involvement under Wilson.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. warning to Europe not to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. expansion across North America was God's plan.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who raided U.S. towns; pursued by General Pershing.

William Seward

Secretary of State who bought Alaska and promoted U.S. global expansion.

Big Sister Policy

Secretary of State James G. Blaine's plan to unite Latin American nations under U.S. leadership for trade.

Pan-American Conference

Meetings promoting cooperation and trade among Western Hemisphere nations.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute

1895 U.S. mediation between Britain and Venezuela; reinforced the Monroe Doctrine.

"A Splendid Little War"

seeing as the treaty of paris gave much of spain’s empire to US and as relatively few US lives were lost, john hay nicknamed the spanish-american war this

Insular Cases

Supreme Court rulings that U.S. territories had limited constitutional rights.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 Chinese uprising against foreign influence; suppressed by international forces.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Ended the Russo-Japanese War; Roosevelt mediated and won the Nobel Prize.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

U.S. and Japan agreed to respect each other's Pacific territories and Open Door Policy.

"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1907)

U.S.-Japan deal limiting Japanese immigration in exchange for fair treatment in America.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

Gave U.S. control of the Panama Canal Zone after supporting Panama's independence.

If TR says he believes something in an excerpt

and the answers are like:

most americans believed the opposite

some americans believed the opposite

some americans believed TR’s pov

unless the other two are evident in the excerpt, assume that TR himself represents “some americans” and just select the option that emulates his POV