Henry VII

Who aided Henry in his rise to the throne? (3)

Jasper Tudor, the Stanleys, Francis II

Date: The Battle of Bosworth

22nd August 1485

What were Henry's 4 key aims at the beginning of his reign?

protect claim, secure dynasty, control nobility, create good international relations

What 3 actions did Henry do immediately to legitimise his rise to the throne?

predated his reign to 21st of August, married Elizabeth of York, called parliament after being crowned

What 4 ways did Henry consolidate his claim to power?

marrying elizabeth, using parliament, controlling nobility, propaganda

In what 3 areas did Henry have to exert control to consolidate his power?

nobility, social threat, dynastic threat

What 3 images did Henry use for propaganda?

the tudor rose, beaufort portcullis, red dragon of cadwallader

How did control of the nobility help Henry consolidate his power?

removed threat of their opposition, won their loyalty, delegated power to other areas, gained their wealth/land

How did Henry immediately reduce the power of the Yorkist nobles?

Acts of Attainder

To what position was William Stanley elected in 1485?

chamberlain of the household

To what position was Reginald Bray elected in 1485?

chancellor of the duchy of lancaster

What did the 1485 Parliament grant Henry?

tonnage and poundage

What did the Lovell/Stafford rebellion show?

(a) lack of enthusiasm for a rebellion amongst yorkists

When was the Lovell/Stafford rebellion?

1486

Why was Lambert Simnel a threat in terms of his support?

margaret of burgundy paid for his mercenaries, kildare crowned him king of ireland and provided troops

When was Lambert Simnel a threat?

1487

How many troops did Simnel have?

8000

What was the significance of the Battle of Stoke? (3)

proper end of the War of the Roses, Henry's dealing of the crisis was praised, beginning of policy of using bonds

What happened to Simnel after the Battle of Stoke?

sent to be a kitchen boy at court

When was Perkin Warbeck a threat?

1491-9

Who helped Warbeck?

margaret of burgundy, maximilian i, james iv, william stanley

What was the result of the discovery of William Stanley helping Warbeck?

the creation of the privy chamber

How did the Scottish support Warbeck?

gave him the king's cousin to marry and backed an invasion over the border in 1496

Who posed the last dynastic threat to Henry?

Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk

Where and when did Edmund de la Pole flee to? (2)

flanders in 1498 and to Maximilian I in 1501

What happened to Edmund de la Pole under the Treaty of Windsor?

given up to henry and then imprisoned in the tower until being executed by henry viii in 1513

How many men were in the working council?

6/7

How many councillors did Henry appoint during his reign?

227

How many times did the Great Council meet during Henry's reign?

5

What was the role of the Council Learned?

Maintained the king's revenue, exploited his prerogative rights and ensured the system of bonds and recognisances worked effectively

What made the Council Learned different to and more controversial than the other councils?

It was not a recognised court of law and bypassed the normal legal system

When was the Council Learned formed?

1495

How did the Council Learned favour the king?

It resolved in his favour wherever the law was unclear

Which councillors hated and eventually replaced Empson and Dudley?

fox and lovell

How much did revenue rise as a result of the approach of the courts to exploit all revenue sources?

From £11,000 in 1492 to £40,000 a year by 1506

When was the Star Chamber made?

1487

What fraction of Henry's council was made up of peers?

1/4

What fraction of Henry's council was made up of bishops and abbots?

1/4

How did the Privy Council charge people?

issued a fine and imprisoned the individual until it was paid

How many times did Parliament meet during Henry's reign?

7

What did JPs responsibilities increase to include?

tax assessments, alehouse

administration and the investigation of complaints against officials

How many JPs were there per county?

18

How much did revenue from Crown Lands increase from 1485 to 1509?

£12,000 to £42,000

When was the Act of Resumption passed?

1485-6

What did the 1485-6 Act of Resumption do?

Enabled the king to recover all lands, offices and revenues that had been lost since 1455

How did the efficiency of crown land income improve?

Reverted to Edward IV's system of administration going through the chamber

How many bonds were collected in the first decade of Henry's reign?

191

How much were bonds worth p.a. by 1505?

£35,000

What fraction of the senior noble families were tied to Henry financially?

36/62

What happened to Lord Bergavenny?

was put under a bond for retaining in 1507 then retained 471 men illegally and had to pay £100,000

How much did Henry receive in feudal aid for Arthur's knighting and when?

£30,000 in 1504

Why might the use of bonds and recognisance cause unpopularity?

Bypassed law and was seen as morally dubious

List 10 ways Henry could raise money for the crown.

Crown lands, feudal aid, bonds and recognisances, customs revenue, taxation, pensions, profits of justice, plate and jewels, extraordinary revenue, wardships

What was Henry's annual income by 1509?

£113,000

How much more did Henry earn annually by 1509 than Edward IV?

£35,000

What was the Holy Roman Emperor's annual income in 1509?

£1,100,000

How did Henry successfully increase the wealth of the crown? (3)

exploiting nobility, increasing crown lands revenue, exploiting legal system

In what ways was Henry unsuccessful in increasing the wealth of the crown? (3)

poor compared to other european kings, not much wealthier than edward iv, taxation collected ineffectively and caused rebellions

Of the £100,000 taxation granted by parliament in 1489, how much was actually raised?

£30,000

What was Henry forced to do in 1504?

promised parliament he would stop raising money through taxation after receiving over £400,000

What were Henry's 3 aims for foreign policy?

security, recognition of dynasty, trade

Why did Henry call parliament in 1489?

To be granted extraordinary revenue to fight France to aid Brittany

Why did Henry help Brittany when it was threatened by France?

Repay his debt to Francis and prevent increased French power

What was agreed in the Treaty of Redon?

Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany

When was the Treaty of Redon signed and between whom?

1489, England and Brittany

When did Henry siege Boulogne?

1492

What was the result of the siege of Boulogne?

the treaty of etaples with a £5000 pa pension

What was the Intercursus Magnus?

Major commercial treaty in 1496 between England and Burgundy after the embargo restoring normal trading links but limiting trade to flanders only

What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Treaty between England and Spain in 1489 promising mutual protection, agreeing not to support/harbour pretenders and promising Catherine of Aragon to prince Arthur

When did Prince Arthur die?

1502

What caused weakened relations between England and Spain after the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Arthur's death, disagreements over dowry, Isabella's death

What were the effects of the Treaty of Windsor?

strengthened alliance with Juana and Philip as it recognised them as rulers of Castile, Earl of Suffolk returned, marriage proposed with Archduchess Margaret

When was the Treaty of Windsor signed and who between?

1506, Henry and Philip/Juana

What was the Intercursus Malus?

Unfulfilled treaty of 1506, much more favourable to England

What were the effects of Philip dying in 1506?

Juana went mad and Ferdinand regained power, isolating Henry and delaying the wedding of Prince Henry and Catherine

What caused negative relations between England and Scotland in 1495/6?

James IVs support of Perkin Warbeck and their invasion

What forced an immediate truce between England and Scotland in 1497?

The Cornish rebellion

What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

Treaty between England and Scotland in 1502 promising peace and arranging the marriage of James IV and princess Margaret

Why was Henry suspicious of the Earl of Kildare?

He had Yorkist sympathies and had supported Lambert Simnel

What was the result of Henry's suspicions of the Earl of Kildare?

Made Sir Edward Poynings lord deputy and used an armed force to control the pale

What did Poyning's Law decree?

no rule could be passed in Ireland without approval of the English crown

Who did Henry make Lieutenant of Ireland?

Prince Henry

Why did Henry resort back to the Earl of Kildare?

Poynings was ineffective, his law was costly, warbeck returned

When did Kildare give up his Yorkist sympathies and serve Henry loyally?

1496

How was Henry successful in foreign policy? (2)

stopped warbeck through diplomacy, protected england from war

What 3 treaties protected against pretenders?

treaty of medina del campo, treaty of windsor, treaty of perpetual peace

Why was Henry isolated from other European countries? (4)

weak from war of the roses, spain made marriage alliance with france in 1505, italy the focus for other countries, pretenders were supported

In what ways was Henry unsuccessful with foreign policy? (3)

failed marriage arrangements, poor economic relations, isolated and insignificant

What 4 factors led to foreign recognition?

treaties, marriage alliances, papacy, trade

How were treaties successful at increasing foreign recognition? (3)

prevented pretenders, secured peace and stability, improved trade

Give 2 examples of unsuccessful treaties.

intercursus magnus didn't favour england, treaty of windsor proved unhelpful

Give 2 examples of successful marriage alliances.

catharine and arthur (legitimised dynasty), James iv and margaret (protected anglo-scottish peace)

Give 2 examples of problems with marriage alliances.

Henrys failure to remarry, difficulty of henry and catharine's wedding

Give 2 examples that show the papacy recognising Henry's legitimacy.

papal dispensation for catherine and henry, papal bull after lovell revolution

Give two examples of high-ranking clergymen from legal/administrative backgrounds

(John) Morton and (Richard) Fox

Roughly how many men held peerage titles?

50/60

What was Henry's general attitude to the nobility?

eager to reduce their power

What did the number of noble families drop from/to?

57 to 44

How many nobles received the Order of The Garter under Henry VII?

37

How did Henry control the nobility?

limited retaining and new titles, put key nobles in trusted positions, exploited them financially with bonds and recognisances acts of attainder