Juniorcert Science CRAM

1. What are the six main nutrients?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

2. What is the function of carbohydrates?

Provide energy

3. What is the function of proteins?

Growth and repair

4. What is the function of fats?

Energy and insulation

5. What does iodine test for?

Starch (turns blue

6. What does Benedict’s solution test for?

Sugar (turns brick

7. What does Biuret solution test for?

Protein (turns purple)

8. What does the brown paper test show?

Fat (leaves a translucent spot)

9. What is a habitat?

The place where organisms live

10. What is a producer?

An organism that makes its own food (e.g. plants)

11. What is a consumer?

An organism that eats other organisms

12. What is a decomposer?

An organism that breaks down dead material

13. Example of a food chain?

Grass → Rabbit → Fox

14. What is an adaptation?

A feature that helps an organism survive

15. What is DNA?

A molecule carrying genetic code

16. What is a gene?

A section of DNA that codes for a trait

17. What is an allele?

A different version of a gene

18. How many chromosomes do humans have?

46

19. Dominant vs recessive traits?

Dominant: one copy needed; Recessive: two copies needed

20. What is the phenotype ratio in a Bb x Bb cross?

3 Brown : 1 Blue

21. Photosynthesis equation?

CO₂ + H₂O —(light & chlorophyll)→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

22. Respiration equation?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy

23. Where does photosynthesis happen?

Chloroplasts in plant cells

24. Where does respiration happen?

Mitochondria of cells

25. What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

26. What affects enzyme activity?

Temperature and pH

27. What does amylase do?

Breaks starch into sugar

28. What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart

29. What do veins do?

Carry blood to the heart

30. What are capillaries?

Tiny vessels that exchange gases

31. What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen

32. Where does gas exchange occur?

In the alveoli

33. What are the 3 subatomic particles?

Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (–)

34. What does the atomic number represent?

Number of protons

35. What does the mass number represent?

Protons + Neutrons

36. What are groups in the periodic table?

Vertical columns (same number of outer electrons)

37. What are periods in the periodic table?

Horizontal rows (same number of shells)

38. What is current?

Flow of electrons (measured in amps)

39. What is voltage?

Push that drives the current (volts)

40. What is resistance?

Opposes current (ohms)

41. State Ohm's Law.

V = I × R

42. Name 3 types of variables.

Independent, Dependent, Controlled