Foundations of Evidence-Informed Practice Final

Define patient presentation (2 answers)

The clients culture, values, and expectations

The client’s ability to pay, health history, and symptoms

Define clinical experience (2 answers)

Your skills and knowledge

Your scope of practice

Define research evidence (2 answers)

Adverse effects of treatment

Effective treatments for various conditions

How is hypothesis defined? (2 answers)

A question to be answered

An idea which suggests a possible explanation which has not been proven

What’s meant by systematic? (2 answers)

Something done according to a fixed plan

A method to answer a research question

What’s meant by empirical? (2 answers)

use of observation and documentation to answer a research question

evidence or study that relies on practical experience rather than theories

What’s meant by peer reviewed? (2 answers)

the use of knowledgeable individuals to look at and critique research before publication

experts judging if research or scholarly writing merits publication or funding

What are some research limitations?

Expensive

May contain bias

May lack generalizability

Time consuming

Funding issues (who’s paying?)

What are some research strengths?

Objective

Analysis of data

Gain knowledge

Leads to new research

Peer review

What are some examples of specific questions?

•How common is a disease in a given population?

•What types of exposure increases the risk of a disease?

•Is there an association between exposure and the effect?

•What types of interventions work?

•What dosage of x,y,z medication is most efficacious?

What are the 6 different types of observational studies?

1. Case Report or Study

2. Case Series

3. Case Control

4. Cross-Sectional

5. Cohort

6. Randomized Clinical Trials

Define a case study/report

One person, one group

Define a case series

Known exposure, looks at outcome

define case control

two or more groups (e.g. one group with, one without)

Define cross-sectional

a snap-shot of a specific population with the same or similar demographics

Define a cohort or longitudinal

A group with commonalities

Define a randomized clinical trial

Control group, blinded

Define selection bias

The difference in baseline characteristics among participant groups

What are the 4 threats to validity?

Internal

External

Construct

Statistical conclusions

What are some examples of clinical experience?

What’s gained from caring for patients and clients

It’s an on-going process

Involves collaboration and reflection

It’s wisdom gained from correct decisions, mistakes, successes, and failures

It’s the artistic part of any discipline

What does PICO stand for?

P: Patient, problem, or population

I: Intervention, modality, treatment, or technique

C: Comparison

O: Outcome or result of the intervention

What three things determine study’s trustworthiness?

Relevance

Reliability

Validity

What are some examples of background research?

Disease, treatment, medications, general information about a condition

Mayoclinic.org, medlineplus.gov

What are some examples of foreground research?

Formal research, cited research, full-text versions

Google Scholar or PubMed or Cochrane Database, National Guideline Clearinghouse

Define study outcome

Conclusions

Findings

Results

Define outcome measures

Measurements done in clinic to determine client/patient satisfaction or improvement

List some examples of clinician’s measure

Range of motion

Blood pressure

Height/weight

List some examples of client’s report

Pain scale, symptom report, etc

What are some definitions of evidence?

Facts or information

Indication of truth or validity about belief or proposition

An outward sign

Something that furnishes proof

What are some examples of being informed?

Having information

Educated, knowledgeable

Gathering and using information or facts to guide your practice and ensure the best level of care you can provide

What are some fundamental principles of research?

Different types of research answers different types of questions

Tests a hypothesis (quantitative) or answers a question (qualitative)

Systematic

Empirical

Peer reviewed

Describe the difference between qualitative and quantitative

Quantitative: Numbers, measurable data

Qualitative: Language, feeling, and perception

List the 6 types of research

Basic science

Clinical

Quantitative

Qualitative

Observational

Experimental

Define basic science

Not often immediately applicable, think tissues, petri dishes, leading to medical devices or treatments, etc.

Define clinical research

most often immediately applicable to clients, think something done to a person (medication, treatment modality, intervention)

What are 6 aspects of a randomized clinical trial?

1. Researchers manipulate what happens to the participant or group

2. A comparison or control group is included

3. Useful in establishing cause and effect with a degree of certainty

4. Randomization helps reduce potential bias and to control variables

5. Done in a controlled environment

6. Concealed allocation

Define clinical equipoise

Genuine uncertainty

Define randomization

How study participations are selected to a group

Define blinding

One or more persons involved in a study (participant, administrator, researcher) does not who is in which group after the study has begun.

Define concealed allocation

The person accepting patients does not know before hand which group participants will be placed in.

Define qualitative research

Research that aims to gain an understanding of human perception, emotion, or behavior using coding

Data is collected through interviews, focus groups, and observation

Open ended questions

Define quantitative research

Research method used to describe observations or relationships in numeric terms

Directed questions

Collects data through questionnaires, laboratory tests, imaging, and other ways that can be coded or numerated

Define original research and some examples

New knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form

Includes basic science, observational and clinical research

Define summary research

Refers to a bunch of research looking at a particular subject

Summarized studies can be experimental or observational

What are four examples of summary resources?

Systematic reviews

Meta-analysis

Guidelines and evidence-based textbooks

Narrative reviews

What are the six A’s of research?

1. Analyze

2. Ask

3. Acquire

4. Appraise

5. Apply

6. Assess