PSYC 102 Exam1

ohn Locke's view of child development Definition:

The perspective that children are born as a blank slate (tabula rasa) and are entirely shaped by their environment.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view of child development

The perspective that children are naturally good and moral by nature.

Fixation in Freudian psychosexual theory

Getting stuck at a specific stage of development due to unresolved conflict or improper gratification

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

A developmental theory focused on forming self-identity by resolving 8 life stages.

Classical conditioning

A simple form of learning through association where a neutral stimulus is paired with a second stimulus to evoke a learned response.

Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Human chromosome count in somatic cells

23 pairs (46 total) of rod-shaped structures found inside cell nuclei.

Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic twins

Monozygotic (MZ) twins arise from a single zygote splitting, while Dizygotic (DZ) twins arise from two separate zygotes and share roughly 50% of their genes.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype is the underlying set of inherited genetic traits, whereas phenotype is the actual expressed set of observable traits influenced by both genes and environment.

Three embryonic germ layers

Ectoderm (nervous system and skin), Mesoderm (muscles, bones, and blood), and Endoderm (digestive and respiratory systems).

Teratogens

Environmental agents, such as toxins, radiation, or drugs, that can harm an embryo or fetus during development.