Chapter 8 - Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

-includes 126 bones:

>pectoral girdle (4)

>upper limbs (60)

>pelvic girdle (2)

>lower limbs (60)

The pectoral girdle

-Consists of clavicle and scapula

-Articulates the upper limbs with the trunk

Clavicle & scapula

-Position the shoulder joint

-Help move the upper limb

-Provide a base for muscle attachment

Clavicle

Scapula

Right scapula

2 scapula markings

-Coracoid process

-Acromion

The upper limbs

-Scapula articulates with the humerus at the glenohumoral joint

-Greater and lesser tubercles are muscle attachment sites

Humerus

-Articulates with radius and ulna

-Elbow joint

Right humerus

Left humerus

Radius and ulna

Right radius

Right ulna

Carpal bones and hand

-Carpus forms wrist

>Two rows of short bones

-Five metacarpals

-Four fingers have three phalanges

-Pollex (thumb) has two phalanges

Pelvic girdle

-More massive than the pectoral girdle

-Consists of two os coxae

>Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis

The os coxae

Right os coxae

Illium

-Largest hip bone

-Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium (posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly)

-Pubic symphysis limits left to right

Right illium

The pelvis

-Composed of the os coxae, sacrum and coccyx

-Subdivided into the false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis

False (greater) pelvis

True (lesser) pelvis

What are the differences between male and female pelvis

- Pubic arch is wider in females

Lower limbs

-Femur is the longest bone in the body:

>Articulates with the tibia at the knee

-Patella is a large sesamoid bone

-Fibula parallels tibia laterally

Femur

Patella

Tibia

"Shin"

Fibula

Tarsus

-Has seven tarsal bones

-Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges parallels that of the hand

>All toes have three phalanges except the hallux (two phalanges)

The ankle bones are AKA...

Malleoli

Axial Skeleton

-includes 80 bones

>Skull and associated bones (29)

>Thoracic cage (25)

>Vertebrae column (26)

Skull

-Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face

-The cranium encloses cranial cavity

-Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts

Facial bones

Maxillary bones

Mandible

Palatine bones

Nasal bones

Vomer

Inferior nasal conchae

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

Hyoid

Maxilla

Mandible

Palatine bones

Nasal bones

Vomer

Inferior nasal conchae

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

Hyoid

one occipital bone

two parietal bones

one frontal bone

two temporal bones

one sphenoid

one ethmoid

Name the 6 types of cranial bones and whether they are unpaired (one) or paired (two).

Occipital bone

Parietal bones

Frontal bone

Temporal bones

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid

Lambdoid

Coronal

Sagittal

Squamous

Name the 4 cranial sutures.

Lambdoid Suture

Coronal Suture

Sagittal Suture

Squamous Suture

Paranasal sinuses

-Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

- Functions of paranasal sinuses:

> Lighten the skull

> Give resonance and amplification to voice

Hyoid bone

*The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

-Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Vertebral column

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

>7 cervical vertebrae

>12 thoracic vertebrae

>5 lumbar vertebrae

BREAKFAST, LUNCH, DINNER

>Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae

Vertebral anatomy

-Typically has a body and vertebral arch

-Superior and inferior articular processes

-Separated by intervertebral discs

Structure of vertebrae

Sacrum

-Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs

-Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx

Coccyx

Thoracic Cage

-Thoracic vertebrae

-Ribs

-Sternum

>Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage

The ribs

-Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae ("true ribs")

-8-12 are attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib ("false ribs")

-11-12 are floating ribs

The typical rib anatomy

-Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body

-Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart

The sternum consists of

-Manubrium

-Body

-Xiphoid process

2 types of bone markings

-Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone

-Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

Function: Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.

4 joint projections

1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection

2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck

3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Condyle

Name the joint projection:

Head

Name the joint projection:

Facet

Name the joint projection:

Ramus

Name the joint projection:

6 Ligament/Tendon projections

1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)

2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle

3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection

4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection

5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection

(only on femur)

6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection

Crest

Name the Ligament/tendon projection:

Epicondyle

Name the Ligament/tendon projection:

Tubercle

Name the Ligament/tendon projection:

Tuberosity

Name the Ligament/tendon projection:

Trochanter

Name the Ligament/tendon projection:

Lumbar vertebrae

6 types of depressions

1) Meatus: Canal or tube

2) Fossa: shallow basin

3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes

5) Foramen: Round or oval opening

6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

Meatus

Bone Depressions:

Fossa

Bone Depressions:

Fissure

Bone Depressions:

Sinus

Name the bone depression:

Foramen

Name the bone depression:

Sulcus, groove or furrow

Name the bone depression: