Encyclopedia of Counseling - Master Review Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering key concepts, theories, and figures from Howard Rosenthal's Encyclopedia of Counseling (4th Edition).

How do Freud's developmental stages differ from Erik Erikson's developmental stages?

Freud's stages are psychosexual, whereas Erik Erikson's stages are psychosocial.

What do ego psychologists like Erik Erikson emphasize compared to strict Freudians?

Ego psychologists emphasize ego functions and man's power of reasoning to control behavior, whereas strict Freudians focus on id processes and unconscious drives.

What is the correct chronological order of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.

In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, what does the concept of 'conservation' refer to?

It refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if its shape changes, which is mastered during the concrete operations stage.

What are the three main levels of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

What statistical distribution and standard score conversions are illustrated in this image?

The normal Gaussian bell-shaped curve showing standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, Z-scores, T-scores, CEEB scores, Stanines, Wechsler IQs, and Otis-Lennon IQs.

What type of statistical curve is depicted in this image?

A bimodal curve, which is characterized by two distinct peaks or modes.

What type of distribution is shown in this image, characterized by a tall, thin peak?

A leptokurtic distribution.

What type of distribution is shown in this image, where the tail points to the right?

A positively skewed distribution.

What type of distribution is shown in this image, where the tail points to the left?

A negatively skewed distribution.

What type of relationship is depicted in this scattergram?

A perfect linear positive correlation, where $r = +1.00$.

What type of relationship is depicted in this scattergram?

A perfect linear negative correlation, where $r = -1.00$.

Which vocational personality model is represented by this hexagonal diagram?

John Holland's hexagon model, depicting Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) types.

What therapeutic model is illustrated in this diagram showing Complementary and Crossed interactions?

Eric Berne's transactional analysis, illustrating the Parent, Adult, and Child (PAC) ego states and their communication vectors.

How do the 'emic' and 'etic' perspectives differ in multicultural counseling?

The emic perspective is a culture-specific approach focusing on the insider's view, while the etic perspective emphasizes universal principles that apply across all cultures.

What is the difference between an autoplastic and an alloplastic response to environmental stress?

An autoplastic response involves changing oneself to adapt to the environment, whereas an alloplastic response involves changing the environment to suit oneself.

What core hypothesis regarding human behavior was developed by John Dollard and Neal Miller?

The frustration-aggression theory, which states that frustration leads to aggression.

What psychological phenomenon was demonstrated by Stanley Milgram's famous 1963 shock experiment?

Obedience to authority.

In Ivan Pavlov's classic conditioning experiment with dogs, what served as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

The meat was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the bell was the conditioned stimulus (CS).

What is the Premack principle in behavior modification?

The principle that a high-probability behavior (HPB) can be used as a reinforcer for a low-probability behavior (LPB).

Who developed systematic desensitization and what is its primary application?

Joseph Wolpe developed it to treat phobias and anxiety using counterconditioning and relaxation techniques.

What do the letters A, B, C, D, and E stand for in Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) model?

A = Activating event, B = Belief system, C = Emotional consequence, D = Disputing the irrational belief, E = Effective new philosophy.

What are the core principles of William Glasser's reality therapy with choice theory?

It focuses on present moment behavior, personal responsibility, and choice, asserting that individuals create their own reality to satisfy basic psychological needs.

What six personality and work environment types make up John Holland's RIASEC model?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

What are the five life stages proposed in Donald Super's life-span developmental career theory?

Growth (birth to age 14), Exploration (ages 15–24), Establishment (ages 24–44), Maintenance (ages 44–64), and Decline (age 65+).

What does the standard error of measurement (SEM) indicate in testing?

It indicates the degree of error or fluctuation expected in an individual's test score if they were to take the test repeatedly.

What is the difference between a Type I (alpha) error and a Type II (beta) error in research?

A Type I error occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true; a Type II error occurs when a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

What legal principle was established by the landmark 1976 Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California court case?

The duty to warn an intended victim when a client presents a serious and foreseeable threat of harm.

What key concepts are central to Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy?

Family structure, subsystems, boundaries (rigid, clear, or diffuse), joining, and mimesis.

What are the key concepts of Murray Bowen's intergenerational family therapy?

Differentiation of self, fusion, triangulation, nuclear family emotional system, and the use of genograms across three generations.